• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 1987

동부 묵 제조용 조전분과 정제전분의 이화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 물결합 능력은 조전분 135.1%, 정제전분 86.0%이었고, 온도, 온도증가에 따른 팽화력 및 용해도 변화양상은 조전분과 전제전분 모두 $60^{\circ}C$에서 증가하기 시작하여 $70^{\circ}C$부터 급격한 증가를 나타내었다. 시료 현탁액(0.2%)의 광투과도는 모두 $65^{\circ}C$에서 증가하기 시작하여 68~$80^{\circ}C$ 범위에서 두 단계의 급격한 증가를 보였고, Brabender amylograph에 의한 호화 양상 조사결과 조전분과 정제전분 모두 호화정점을 나타내었고 냉각점도가 높았다. 조전분과 정제전분의 blue number는 각각 0.369, 0.376이었고, alkali number는 각각 7.77, 7.34이었으며, ferricyanide number는 각각 3.60, 2.10이었다. Amylose함량은 33.7%이었고, amylose 분자량은 23590, 중합도는 146이었으며, amylopection의 분자도는 포도당 100개당 3.4, 한 가지당 포도당 분자수는 29개이었다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.215-224
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• 2018

기후변화로 인한 곰솔림과 소나무림의 세력은 약해질 것으로 예상되고 있으나, 곰솔과 소나무에 대한 식재요구도는 여전히 높은 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 한반도 난온대림지역에 속하는 부산일대, 남동부지역에 주요 조경수목인 소나무림과 곰솔림을 대상으로 자연림의 생육밀도를 파악한 후 난온대림에 적합한 생태적 식재밀도를 제시하고자 하였다. 연구는 한반도 남동부에 해당하는 부산광역시를 중심으로 소나무림 22개소, 곰솔림 60개소를 선정하여 $100m^2$ 방형구를 설치하여 조사구 내 출현하는 교목, 아교목층 수종의 흉고직경 및 개체수를 조사한 후, 회귀분석을 통해 평균흉고직경급별 적정 개체수 산정을 위한 회귀식을 도출하였다. 회귀분석 결과, 흉고직경의 생장에 따른 교목층 생육개체수 예측모형의 결정계수는 곰솔림 0.700, 소나무림 0.533으로 단일 요인에 의한 설명력으로는 매우 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 예측 회귀모형은 곰솔림의 경우 $Y=31.176e^{-0.055x}$, 소나무림의 경우 $Y=38.351e^{-0.059x}$(X=흉고직경, Y=개체수/$100m^2$)였다. 남동부지역의 곰솔림과 소나무림의 생육밀도는 중부지방보다 다소 높았다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1380-1393
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 T/R(Transmit/Receive) 모듈을 이용한 항공기용 평면형 능동 전자주사식 위상 배열(AESA) 레이더 프로토 타입을 설계, 제작 및 시험하였다. LIG넥스원은 항공기용 레이더 개발에 필요한 핵심 기술 확보를 목적으로 AESA 레이더 프로토 타입을 개발하였다. 본 프로토 타입은 복사 소자 배열, 다수의 T/R 모듈, RF 급전기, 전원 분배, 빔 조향기, 아날로그/디지털 변환기(ADC)를 가지는 소형화된 수신기 및 액냉식 냉각과 지지 구조체로 구성되어 있다. 안테나 장치는 590 mm 직경에, 536개의 능동 소자를 배열할 수 있는 크기를 가진다. 각 T/R 모듈들은 삼각 배열을 적용하여 $14.7\;mm{\times}19.5\;mm$ 간격으로 배치하였다. 송신 최대 듀티 운용시 2,310 W의 전력이 입력되며, 발열은 1,554 W를 발산하게 된다. AESA 레이더 프로토 타입은 근접 전계 챔버에서 시험하였고, 그 결과 정확하고 유연한 제어에 의한 빔 조향과 빔 형성을 제공하는 빔 패턴을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.453-459
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• 2021

계통한계가격은 발전회사들이 생산한 전력을 판매하고 받게 되는 가격으로서, 발전설비의 건설 및 보수에 대한 의사결정에서 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 논문에서는 천연가스 가격이나 원유 가격 등을 이용하여 계통한계가격을 장기 예측하는 모형을 제안한다. 분석대상 변수들이 비정상시계열적 특성을 지니므로 변수 간 장기관계인 공적분관계에 대한 검정을 시행하고, 공적분 관계와 단기적 동학에 대한 관계식을 추정하여 오차수정모형을 구성하였다. 분석대상 기간이 짧아 분석결과의 안정성이 낮은 문제를 고려하여, 다양한 검정 및 추정기법을 사용하여 분석의 강건성을 제고하고자 하였다. 기존 연구에 비해 다양한 연료가격을 검토하고, 시계열 분석의 엄밀성과 강건성을 제고했다는 점이 본 연구가 기여한 부분이다. 분석 결과 계통한계가격과 천연가스가격, 계통한계가격과 유가, 계통한계가격과 천연가스가격 및 유가 간에 공적분 관계가 존재하는 것으로 나타나, 각각의 공적분 관계를 기반으로 오차수정모형을 추정하고 예측력을 비교하였다. 단기식에서는 오차수정항, 전력공급예비율, 시차항을 고려하였다. 각 오차수정모형의 표본외 예측력을 비교한 결과, 계통한계가격과 천연가스가격 간 공적분 관계를 이용하는 모형이 평균제곱근오차와 평균절대백분율오차 모두 가장 낮은 값을 보이는 등 예측력이 좋은 것으로 평가되었다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.15-15
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• 1976

In analyzing the operational characteristics of a rice whitening machine, the internal radial pressure of the machine was measured using strain gage equipment. Changes in cylinder and feed screw configurations, screen type, cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels were examined to determine their impact on the quality and quantity of milled rice and the performance of the machine. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The internal radial pressure in the whitening chamber varied with the surface condition of the grain being processed. During the first or second pass through the machine, pressure was relatively low, reached a maximum after two to three passes with combinations I and II, three to six with combination III and then began to fall. 2. The pitch of the feed screw and the size of the feed gate opening which determine the rate of entry of grain into the whitening chamber, appeared to be the most important factor aff-::cting the degree of radial pressure, quality and quantity of milled rice and the efficiency of the machine. Using a feed screw with a wide pitch (4.8cm), radial pressure was relatively high and head rice recovery ratio \vere quite low. In this case capacity and machine effic?iency were much higher than obtained when using a feed screw with a narrow pitch (2.3cm). Very significant responses in radial pressure, head rice recovery rates and machine capacity were observed with changes in cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels when using the wide pitch feed screw. 3. The characteristics of the screen which surrounds the whitening chamber had an important effect on whitening efficiency. The existence of small protuberances on the original screen resulted in significant increases in both machine capacity and efficiency but without a significant decrease in head rice recovery or development of excessive radial pressure. Further work is required to determine the effects of screen surface conditions and the shape of the cylinderical steel roller on the rate of bran removal, machine efficiency and recovery rates. The size of the slotted perforations 0:1 the screen affects total milled rice recovery. The opening size on the original screen was fabricated to accommodate the round shape of Japonica rice varieties but was not suitable for the more slender Indica type. Milling Indica varieties with this screen resulted in a reduction in total milled rice recovery. 4. An increase in cylinder speed from 380 to 820 rpm produced a positive effect on head rice recovery for all machine combinations at every level of counter-pressure used in the tests. Head rice recovery was considerably lower at 380rpm using a wide screw pitch when compared to the results obtained at speeds from 600 to 820 r.p.m. The effects of cylinder speed On radial pressure, capacity and machine efficiency showed contrasting results, depending on the width of the feed screw pitch. With a narrow feed screw pitch (2.3cm), a direct proportional relationship was observed bet?ween cylinder speed and both radial pressure and machine efficiency. In contrast, using a 4.8 centimeter pitch feed roller produced a series of inverse relationships between the above variables. Based on the results of this study it is recommended when milling Indica type long grain rice varieties that the cylinder speed of the original machine be increased from 500-600 rmp up to a minimum of 800 rpm to obtain a greater abrasive effect between the grain and the screen. The pitch of the feed screw should be also reduced to decr?ease the level of internal radial pressure and to obtain higher machine efficiency and increased quality of milled rice with increased cylinder speeds. Further study on the interaction between cylinder speed and feed screw pitch is recommended. 5. An increase in the counter pressure level produced a negative effect On the head rice recovery with an increase in radial pressure, capacity, and machine efficiency over all combinations and at every level of cylinder speed. 6. Head rice recovery rates were conditioned primarily by the pressure inside the whitening chamber. According to the empirical cha racteristics curve developed in this study, the relationships of head rice recovery ($Y_h$) and machine capacity ($Y_c$/TEX>) to internal radial pressure ($X_p$) followed an inverse quadratic function and a linear function respectively: $$Y_h^\Delta=\frac{1}{{1.4383-0.2951X_p^\ast+0.1425X_p^{\ast\ast}}^2} , (R^2=0.98)$$$$Y_c^\Delta=-305.83+374.37X_p^{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.88)$$The correlation between capacity and power consumption per unit of brown rice expressed in the following exponential function: $$Y_c^\Delta=1.63Y_c^{-0.7786^\{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.94)$$These relationships indicate that when radial pressure increases above a certain range (1. 6 to 2.0 kg/$cm^2$ based On the results of the experiment) head ricerecovery decrea?ses in a quadratic relation with a inear increase in capacity but without any decrease in power consump tion per unit of brown rice. On the other hand, if radial pressure is below the range shown above, power consumption increases dramatically with a lin?ear decrease in capacity but without significant increases in head rice recovery. During the operation of a given whitening machine, the optimum radial pressure range or the correct capacity range should be selected by controlling the feed rate and/or counter-pressure keeping in mind the condition of the grain, particulary the hardness. It was observed that the total number of passes is related to radial pessure level, feed rate and counter-pressure level. The higher theradial pressure the fewer num?ber of pass required but with decreased head rice recovery. In particular, when using high feed rates, the total number of passes should be increased to more than three by reducing the counter-pressure level to avoid decreaseases in head rice recovery (less than 65 percent head rice recovery on the basis of brown rice) at every cylinder speed. 7. A rapid rise in grain temperature seemed to have a close relationship with the pressure generated inside the whitening chamber and, subsequently with head rice reco?very rates. The higher the rate of increase, the lower were the resulting head rice recoveries.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.17-48
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• 1976

In analyzing the operational characteristics of a rice whitening machine, the internal radial pressure of the machine was measured using strain gage equipment. Changes in cylinder and feed screw configurations, screen type, cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels were examined to determine their impact on the quality and quantity of milled rice and the performance of the machine. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The internal radial pressure in the whitening chamber varied with the surface condition of the grain being processed. During the first or second pass through the machine, pressure was relatively low, reached a maximum after two to three passes with combinations I and II, three to six with combination III and then began to fall. 2. The pitch of the feed screw and the size of the feed gate opening which determine the rate of entry of grain into the whitening chamber, appeared to be the most important factor aff-::cting the degree of radial pressure, quality and quantity of milled rice and the efficiency of the machine. Using a feed screw with a wide pitch (4.8cm), radial pressure was relatively high and head rice recovery ratio \vere quite low. In this case capacity and machine effic\ulcorneriency were much higher than obtained when using a feed screw with a narrow pitch (2.3cm). Very significant responses in radial pressure, head rice recovery rates and machine capacity were observed with changes in cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels when using the wide pitch feed screw. 3. The characteristics of the screen which surrounds the whitening chamber had an important effect on whitening efficiency. The existence of small protuberances on the original screen resulted in significant increases in both machine capacity and efficiency but without a significant decrease in head rice recovery or development of excessive radial pressure. Further work is required to determine the effects of screen surface conditions and the shape of the cylinderical steel roller on the rate of bran removal, machine efficiency and recovery rates. The size of the slotted perforations 0:1 the screen affects total milled rice recovery. The opening size on the original screen was fabricated to accommodate the round shape of Japonica rice varieties but was not suitable for the more slender Indica type. Milling Indica varieties with this screen resulted in a reduction in total milled rice recovery. 4. An increase in cylinder speed from 380 to 820 rpm produced a positive effect on head rice recovery for all machine combinations at every level of counter-pressure used in the tests. Head rice recovery was considerably lower at 380rpm using a wide screw pitch when compared to the results obtained at speeds from 600 to 820 r.p.m. The effects of cylinder speed On radial pressure, capacity and machine efficiency showed contrasting results, depending on the width of the feed screw pitch. With a narrow feed screw pitch (2.3cm), a direct proportional relationship was observed bet\ulcornerween cylinder speed and both radial pressure and machine efficiency. In contrast, using a 4.8 centimeter pitch feed roller produced a series of inverse relationships between the above variables. Based on the results of this study it is recommended when milling Indica type long grain rice varieties that the cylinder speed of the original machine be increased from 500-600 rmp up to a minimum of 800 rpm to obtain a greater abrasive effect between the grain and the screen. The pitch of the feed screw should be also reduced to decr\ulcornerease the level of internal radial pressure and to obtain higher machine efficiency and increased quality of milled rice with increased cylinder speeds. Further study on the interaction between cylinder speed and feed screw pitch is recommended. 5. An increase in the counter pressure level produced a negative effect On the head rice recovery with an increase in radial pressure, capacity, and machine efficiency over all combinations and at every level of cylinder speed. 6. Head rice recovery rates were conditioned primarily by the pressure inside the whitening chamber. According to the empirical cha racteristics curve developed in this study, the relationships of head rice recovery ($Y_h$) and machine capacity ($Y_c$/TEX>) to internal radial pressure ($X_p$) followed an inverse quadratic function and a linear function respectively: $$Y_h^\Delta=\frac{1}{{1.4383-0.2951X_p^\ast+0.1425X_p^{\ast\ast}}^2} , (R^2=0.98)$$ $$Y_c^\Delta=-305.83+374.37X_p^{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.88)$$ The correlation between capacity and power consumption per unit of brown rice expressed in the following exponential function: $$Y_c^\Delta=1.63Y_c^{-0.7786^\{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.94)$$ These relationships indicate that when radial pressure increases above a certain range (1. 6 to 2.0 kg/$cm^2$ based On the results of the experiment) head ricerecovery decrea\ulcornerses in a quadratic relation with a inear increase in capacity but without any decrease in power consump tion per unit of brown rice. On the other hand, if radial pressure is below the range shown above, power consumption increases dramatically with a lin\ulcornerear decrease in capacity but without significant increases in head rice recovery. During the operation of a given whitening machine, the optimum radial pressure range or the correct capacity range should be selected by controlling the feed rate and/or counter-pressure keeping in mind the condition of the grain, particulary the hardness. It was observed that the total number of passes is related to radial pessure level, feed rate and counter-pressure level. The higher theradial pressure the fewer num\ulcornerber of pass required but with decreased head rice recovery. In particular, when using high feed rates, the total number of passes should be increased to more than three by reducing the counter-pressure level to avoid decreaseases in head rice recovery (less than 65 percent head rice recovery on the basis of brown rice) at every cylinder speed. 7. A rapid rise in grain temperature seemed to have a close relationship with the pressure generated inside the whitening chamber and, subsequently with head rice reco\ulcornervery rates. The higher the rate of increase, the lower were the resulting head rice recoveries.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.213-221
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• 1998

세포질내 정자주입술은 불임치료에 도입된 이후 남성불임 극복에 성공적으로 이용되고 있다. 세포질내 정자주입술 시행 후 수정률, 난할률과 발생된 배아의 상태는 여러 가지 요인에 의해 영향을 받으며, 난자의 상태에 따라 영향을 받는 지에 대해서 아직까지는 논란이 많다. 본 연구에서는 세포질내 정자주입술의 결과가 난자의 상태에 따라 영향을 받는지를 알아보기 위하여 세포질내 정자주입술을 시행한 44례에서 전과정을 현미경에 부착된 CCD 카메라를 통하여 녹화하였다. 그리고 각각의 난자에 대하여 세포질내 함유물의 존재 여부, 위란강의 넓이, 위란강내 세포질 잔기의 존재 여부, 난자의 세포막의 탄력성을 관찰, 기록하여 ICSI시행 후 수정률과 발생된 배아의 상태를 비교, 관찰하였다. 결과를 살펴보면 수정률은 세포질내 함유물의 존재 여부, 위란강의 넓이, 위란강내 세포질 잔기의 존재 여부에 따라서 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 난자의 세포막의 탄력성의 차이에 따른 퇴화율은 주입미세관이 들어가면서 난자의 세포막이 뚫리는 경우가 17.7%, 난자의 세포질을 흡입하여 난자의 세포막이 뚫린 경우가 1.6%로 유의한 차이 (P<0.001)를 나타내었다. 발생된 배아의 상태는 각각의 경우에 대해서 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 원인별 난자의 상태는, 여성요인 환자와 남성요인 환자에서 세포질내 함유물을 갖는 난자의 비율은 각각 48.4%, 25.1% (P<0.001), 위란강이 넓은 난자의 비율은 각각 35.2%, 19.0% (P<0.001), 위란강내 세포질 잔기가 존재하는 난자의 비율은 각각 53.3%, 38.4% (P<0.05)로 여성요인 환자에서 유의하게 높았다. 결론적으로 세포질내 정자주입술 후 수정률과 발생된 배아의 발생률은 광학현미경하에서 관찰한 난자의 상태와 상관관계가 없는 것으로 사료되며, 세포질내 정자주입술 후 난자의 퇴화율은 난자 세포막의 탄력성과 상관관계가 있는 것으로 생각된다.rine 또는 autocrine조절물질로 작용하여 GH 분비 외에도 뇌하수체 전엽 세포들의 분화와 분열등에 관여함을 시사한다..3 unit의 잔존활성을 보였으나 중심온도가 9$0^{\circ}C$와 10$0^{\circ}C$일 때 잔존활성은 측정되지 않았다.>에서 뚜렷한 효과를 나타내었다.비율이 높은 반면 Malaysia 거주자들은 중국음식, 만두 및 면류의 이용이 비교적 많은 편이었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 외국에 거주하면서 한국의 전통적인 특성을 간직하고자 하는 의식을 가지고 있음을 볼 수 있으며 하루 세끼의 식사형태에서 밥을 중심으로 하는 비율은 국내 보다 크게 낮았지만 여전히 다른 식사형태 보다 높은 것을 알 수 있다. 한국 고유의 식문화 특성을 가지면서 거주지역의 식품생산 및 사회 문화적 특성에 영향을 받음으로써 거주국의 식품, 식사 형태, 조리방법을 도입하는 등 부분적으로 변화가 진행되고 있음을 확인 할 수 있었다.가장 시급한 개선점이라고 생각된다. 따라서 효과적인 급식운영을 하기 위해서는 학교식당은 맛, 다양한 메뉴의 식단, 위생, 가격의 저렴 등을 통해서 급식대상자들이 만족한 급식을 할 수 있도록 체계적인 관리 및 운영을 통해 적극적으로 개선해 나가야 할 것으로 사료된다.er (p<0.05), $T_{max}$ might be an insignificant parameter because cyclosporin A generally requires long-term administration. From these results, the two products are bioequivalent.alent.t.>, C-a. and T-between the two products (7.18%, 9.58% and 7.53%, respectively) were less than 20%. The power (1-7) and

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.52-68
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• 1996

As a product of poverty, health means the physical, mental and social instability caused by poverty. High mortality, high morbidity, and unsatisfied needs for medical care indicate the health condition of poor people. These indicators are related to the social and psychological property. This study is to develop an effective method of nursing in the poor family which is an essential unit in the nursing field of the community and to which a fundamental approach is need as a top priority. We can make such a study, though partially, by revealing the relationship among the Health-value, Health Locus of Contol, and the Level of Self esteem. We randomly sampled 243 women who are participating in the nursing department of the comnnity nursing centers in Seoul. We investigated by using questionaries and made an analysis on the result by SAS program. The result of this investigation can summarized as follows : 1. The average age of the subjects investigated is 43.4 and the participation rate in the economic activity is as high as 49.4%. Most of them are paid daily. The average members of the family are 4.28 persons, and 80.2% of which are nuclear families. The type of housing is as follows:51.4% are monthly-rent houses. Rent houses represent 23.5%. And 43.6% of the subjects graduate the high schools 2. The level of self-esteem possessed by the subjects is 37.17. The quality of task performance(3.46) and the morality(3.53) are low as compared with the other qualities. 3. In relation to the locus of control, internality is 22.39, the influence of powerrful others represents 20.24, and the effect of chance occurance is 16.41. 4. The orderings of value scale are the physical and mental health, comfortable life, happiness, mental peace, and pleasure. The lowest order is social recognition. 5. Considering in relation to the self-esteem and the locus of control, we found out that there is a negative relationship among the self-esteem, the influence of powerful others. The lower the level of self-esteem is, the higher the influence of powerful others is. There is also a negative relationship among the detailed items such as the qualities, and the positive attitude. 6. In a significant test in the general characters of the subjects and in the level of self-esteem, we can obtain the follwing results. The higher the economic level is, the higher the level of self-esteem is. And the higher the level of satisfaction with life is, the higher the level of self-esteem is. 7. In the locus of control, the higher the economic level is, the higher the internality is. 8. In the health-level, 75.72% represent the high health -level. And the group which has the low satisfaction with life represents the high level of health-value(81.6%). With these results, we can conclude that the level of self-esteem possessed by the poor women living in the city is high and that they have the multi-dimemsional health-value even though they are living in the poor condtions. Traditionally, the poverty has been recognized as an unfavorale factor in the health care. But this study shows that the poverty is no longer an unfavorale factor and, on the contrary, it has a potential power with which people can improve their health by possessing the high self-esteem and the high health value. The ultimate purpose which the nursing task of the community has is to make the patients keep and improve their own health. So, when the nurses approach the poor patients, the nurses should put an emphasis on the individual responsibilities of the patients, and respect their own health value.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.169-179
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• 2011

우리나라에서 운영하는 원자력발전소는 PWR형과 CANDU형 2종류가 있으며, 원자력발전에 의한 지속적인 에너지 공급을 위하여 이들로부터 발생하는 사용후핵연료에 대한 안전관리는 매우 중요한 인자이다. 사용후핵연료 처분을 위한 연구는 1997년부터 시작하여 한국형 사용후핵연료 처분시스템을 개발하였으며, 현재는 개발된 기술에 대한 실증 및 처분시스템의 효율향상을 위한 연구를 진행하고 있다. 또한, PWR형 사용후핵 연료의 경우 사용후핵연료 재활용 공정을 거쳐 원료물질로 다시 사용하는 연구가 진행 중이므로, 이들 공정으로부터 발생하는 고준위폐기물을 처분하는 방안을 강구하고 있다. 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 PWR형과 CANDU형 사용후핵연료 모두를 직접 처분하는 개념으로 개발한 한국형 사용후핵연료 처분시스템을 바탕으로 CANDU형 사용후핵연료 처분 시스템의 처분효율을 향상시키는 방안을 도출하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여, 한국형 사용후핵연료 처분시스템의 CANDU 사용후핵연료 처분용기를 개선하여 현재 원자력발전소에서 사용하고 있는 사용후핵연료 60 다발(Bundle) 용량의 저장바스켓을 포장 활용하는 개념을 도출하고, 열해석을 통하여 처분시스템 완충재의 온도가 $100^{\circ}C$를 넘지 않도록 하는 요건을 만족하는 처분터널 및 처분공 간격을 정하여 이들에 대한 처분시스템 개념을 도출하였다. 이렇게 설정된 개념들을 단위면적당 열효율, 우라늄밀도(U-density), 처분면적, 굴착량, 완충재 및 폐쇄 물질량 측면에서 분석하여 처분효율이 가장 높은 방안을 제안하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 추후 실제 부지특성자료와 연계하여 PWR 사용후핵연료 재활용공정으로부터 발생한 고준위폐기물 처분시스템과 함께 복합 처분장 설계에 활용될 것이다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.75-90
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• 2003

When we think of fundamental problems of the aquaculture industry, there are several strict conditions, and consequently the aquaculture industry is forced to change. Fish aquaculture has a structural supply surplus in production, aggravation of fishing grounds, stagnant low price due to recent recession, and drastic change of distribution circumstances. It is requested for us to initiate discussion on such issue as “how fish aquaculture establishes its status in the coastal fishery\ulcorner, will fish aquaculture grow in the future\ulcorner, and if so “how it will be restructured\ulcorner” The above issues can be observed in the mariculture of yellow tail, sea scallop and eel. But there have not been studied concerning seabream even though the production is over 30% of the total production of fish aquaculture in resent and it occupied an important status in the fish aquaculture. The objectives of this study is to forecast the future movement of sea bream aquaculture. The first goal of the study is to contribute to managerial and economic studies on the aquaculture industry. The second goal is to identify the factors influencing the competition between production areas and to identify the mechanisms involved. This study will examine the competitive power in individual producing area, its behavior, and its compulsory factors based on case study. Producing areas will be categorized according to following parameters : distance to market and availability of transportation, natural environment, the time of formation of producing areas (leaderㆍfollower), major production items, scale of business and producing areas, degree of organization in production and sales. As a factor in shaping the production area of sea bream aquaculture, natural conditions especially the water temperature is very important. Sea bream shows more active feeding and faster growth in areas located where the water temperature does not go below 13∼14$^{\circ}C$ during the winter. Also fish aquaculture is constrained by the transporting distance. Aquacultured yellowtail is a mass-produced and a mass-distributed item. It is sold a unit of cage and transported by ship. On the other hand, sea bream is sold in small amount in markets and transported by truck; so, the transportation cost is higher than yellow tail. Aquacultured sea bream has different product characteristics due to transport distance. We need to study live fish and fresh fish markets separately. Live fish was the original product form of aquacultured sea bream. Transportation of live fish has more constraints than the transportation of fresh fish. Death rate and distance are highly correlated. In addition, loading capacity of live fish is less than fresh fish. In the case of a 10 ton truck, live fish can only be loaded up to 1.5 tons. But, fresh fish which can be placed in a box can be loaded up to 5 to 6 tons. Because of this characteristics, live fish requires closer location to consumption area than fresh fish. In the consumption markets, the size of fresh fish is mainly 0.8 to 2kg.Live fish usually goes through auction, and quality is graded. Main purchaser comes from many small-sized restaurants, so a relatively small farmer and distributer can sell it. Aquacultured sea bream has been transacted as a fresh fish in GMS ,since 1993 when the price plummeted. Economies of scale works in case of fresh fish. The characteristics of fresh fish is as follows : As a large scale demander, General Merchandise Stores are the main purchasers of sea bream and the size of the fish is around 1.3kg. It mainly goes through negotiation. Aquacultured sea bream has been established as a representative food in General Merchandise Stores. GMS require stable and mass supply, consistent size, and low price. And Distribution of fresh fish is undertook by the large scale distributers, which can satisfy requirements of GMS. The market share in Tokyo Central Wholesale Market shows Mie Pref. is dominating in live fish. And Ehime Pref. is dominating in fresh fish. Ehime Pref. showed remarkable growth in 1990s. At present, the dealings of live fish is decreasing. However, the dealings of fresh fish is increasing in Tokyo Central Wholesale Market. The price of live fish is decreasing more than one of fresh fish. Even though Ehime Pref. has an ideal natural environment for sea bream aquaculture, its entry into sea bream aquaculture was late, because it was located at a further distance to consumers than the competing producing areas. However, Ehime Pref. became the number one producing areas through the sales of fresh fish in the 1990s. The production volume is almost 3 times the production volume of Mie Pref. which is the number two production area. More conversion from yellow tail aquaculture to sea bream aquaculture is taking place in Ehime Pref., because Kagosima Pref. has a better natural environment for yellow tail aquaculture. Transportation is worse than Mie Pref., but this region as a far-flung producing area makes up by increasing the business scale. Ehime Pref. increases the market share for fresh fish by creating demand from GMS. Ehime Pref. has developed market strategies such as a quick return at a small profit, a stable and mass supply and standardization in size. Ehime Pref. increases the market power by the capital of a large scale commission agent. Secondly Mie Pref. is close to markets and composed of small scale farmers. Mie Pref. switched to sea bream aquaculture early, because of the price decrease in aquacultured yellou tail and natural environmental problems. Mie Pref. had not changed until 1993 when the price of the sea bream plummeted. Because it had better natural environment and transportation. Mie Pref. has a suitable water temperature range required for sea bream aquaculture. However, the price of live sea bream continued to decline due to excessive production and economic recession. As a consequence, small scale farmers are faced with a market price below the average production cost in 1993. In such kind of situation, the small-sized and inefficient manager in Mie Pref. was obliged to withdraw from sea bream aquaculture. Kumamoto Pref. is located further from market sites and has an unsuitable nature environmental condition required for sea bream aquaculture. Although Kumamoto Pref. is trying to convert to the puffer fish aquaculture which requires different rearing techniques, aquaculture technique for puffer fish is not established yet.