• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.79-89
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• 1987

This study was executed to examine helical structure and other feature, of Taxus cuspidata S. et Z. and Larix gmelinii var. principis-ruprechtii Pilger through photomicroscopic and scanning electron microscopic observation, and the obtained result, were summarized as follows: 1. Tracheid transition from springwood to summerwood was abrupt, mel slightly gradual in Taxus cuspidata S. et Z. and summerwood width of Larix gmelinii var. principis-ruprechtii Pilger was wider than that of Taxus cuspidata S. et Z. 2. Normal vertical and horizontal resin canals and surrounding thick epithelial cells were present in Larix gmelinii var. principis-ruprechtii Pilger but not present in Taxus cuspidata S. et Z. 3. Instead of helical thickening, helical chicks were observed only in summerwood trachieds of Larix gmelinii var. principis-ruprechtii Pilger. However, helical thickenings forming S, Z., and horizontal helix perpendicular to long axis of tracheid were observed in springood and summerwood tracheids of Taxus cuspidata S. et Z. and these helical thickenings were considered as analogous to the innermost layer of secondary wall. 4. Uniseriate and fusiform rays were appeared on tangential surface of Larix gmelinii var. principis-ruprechtii Pilger but oly uniserate ray was observed on tangential surface ot Taxus cuspidata S. et Z. The fusiform rays of Larix gmelinii var. principis-ruprechtii Pilger usually contained one horizontal resin canal bot occasionally two horizontal resin canals were contained in a fusiform ray. 5. Trabeculae and crassulae were observed in the tracheids of Larix gmelimii var. principis-ruprechtii Pilger but not observed in the tracheids of Taxus cuspidata S. et Z.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2011

The pine wilt disease is one of the most serious forest diseases that kill the pine trees, and the study on the invasion and movement of the pine wood nematode within the tree is very important for understanding the inhabitation of pine wood nematode. In this relation, the microscopic observation was carried out to study the place of inhabitation and movement of pine wood nematode within the infested wood. In result, the rays were mainly infested by pine wood nematode and showed dark discoloration due to their necrosis in cross, radial and tangential surface. Also, the intensive damage was found in the resin canals. On the other hand, some traumatic resin canals in tangential band were identified in the sapwood near the cambium. In the ray, the pine wood nematode occurred more commonly in the ray parenchyma cell and fusiform ray with horizontal resin canal than in the ray tracheid and uniseriate ray without horizontal resin canal, respectively. The pine wood nematode was thought to move from ray to tracheid through the large natural opening, window-like pit, in the cross-field, neither through the small natural opening, bordered pit, in the tracheid nor through the tracheid wall by creating a bore hole.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.67-75
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• 1991

Anatomical study of the secondary xylem in Malvales plants, including four families, five genera and ten species grown in Korea, was carried out to elucidate relationship among genera or families in the order. Wood of Elaeocarpus is diffuse porous and shows angular vessels in radial multiples of 2-14 cells and a few apotracheal or paratracheal parenchyma. Tiliaceous genera have diffuse porous wood, vessels in solitary distribution and apotracheal parenchyma of sinuous scalariform uniseriate band. In the family, Tilia shows angular vessel. noded and tile-like cell in ray and storied tissue but Grewia has circular vessel. Hibiscus shows ring porous wood, circular solitary vessel and biseriate band of apotracheal and paratracheal parenchyma. Firmiana shows ring porous wood, circular solitary vessel and confluent parenchyma. Many starch grains appear in ray and axial parenchyma. Judging from arrangement, shape, length and diameter of vessel element and angle of end wall to vessel axis, and arrangement and shape of axial parenchyma, the lines of specialization in these genera are from primitive Elaeocarpaceae through less primitive Tiliaceae and less advanced Malvaceae to advanced Sterculiaceae.iaceae.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 1999

This study was carried out to get some basic information on mechanical properties of Korean Lepidobalanus for the rational utilization of their woods, Five species of Quercus variabilis, Q. aliena, Q. serrata, Q. mongolica, Q. acutissima belonging to Lepidobalanus were investigated in this research. Relationship of anatomical characteristics with bending strength was analyzed using stepwise regression technique. All possible combination of 21 independent variables were regressed on bending strength. The summarized results in this study were as follows: 1) In the proportion of wood structural elements, the most important factors on bending strength appeared to be proportion of wood fiber in earlywood in Q. variabilis and Q. serrate, proportion of ray in earlywood in Q. aliena, proportion of vessel in earlywood in Q. mongolica and proportion of wood fiber in latewood in Q. acutissima, respectively. 2) In the other quantitative anatomical characteristics, the most important factors on bending strength appeared to be number of pore per $1mm^2$ in latewood in Q. variabilis, microfibril angle in Q. aliena and Q. mongolica, length of wood fiber in Q. serrata and height of uniseriate ray in Q. acutissima, respectively.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2007

Anatomical characteristics of black and white charcoal of Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica manufactured by a Korean traditional kiln were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. In both charcoal, the earlywood vessels shrank in tangential direction, whereas the other cells didn't change. However, in the case of latewood vessels, black charcoal did not show tangential direction shrinkage, but white charcoal did. The wood fiber were changed severly in shape due to the excessive shrinkage. Tyloses in early wood vessel were still shown unchanged shape in both charcoals. Cell wall of ray parenchyma was observed and their shapes were severly distorted. Voids between ray parenchyma were observed in white charcoal, which maybe due to high temperature in white charcoal. Moreover, lumen diameters in the uniseriate ray and multiseriate ray were decreased at the high charring temperature. These results showed that the low charcoal yield of the white charcoal compared to the black charcoal was caused by decrease of cell dimensions as well as loss of wood components associated with the carbonization temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.112-121
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• 2015

In this study, Copper Azole (CuAz), a domestically available wood preservative for pressure treatment, was employed to perform an experimental research on its infiltration and decay properties in Japanese Red Pine. Test specimens were pressure-injected with CuAz-2 preservative to measure its preservative effectiveness, and then its impact on weight and mass losses. Furthermore, wood specimens were treated with CuAz-2 preservatives of various concentration levels before they were decayed with brown-rot-fungi in order to observe decay properties on light microscope (LM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). As a result, untreated specimen by Fomitopsis palustris showed the mass loss of more than 40%, and the value of preservative effectiveness of CuAz-2 by indoor decay was $1,73-3.32kg/m^3$. The concentration levels of CuAz-2 preservative were shown to cause significant variations in terms of decay progresses in the cross section, radial section, and tangential section. By contrast, untreated specimens had underwent serious decays in early wood, late wood, longitudinal resin canals, and ray, which led to vertical destruction of wood texture. As for the radial section, ray tracheid, ray parenchyma cell, and window like pits were decayed and destroyed. In the case of tangential section, uniseriate rays and vertical resin canals were seriously decayed. In conclusion, this study indicates that the adequacy of the current CuAz injection amount should be reviewed in the domestic environment because there are significantly different decays at different decay conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.635-645
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• 2014

The anatomical characteristics of eight major wood species planted in Indonesia were investigated to provide valuable information for their effective utilization. The growth-ring boundaries of Damar and Sumatran pine were indistinct. Resin canal was found in Sumatran pine but it was not observed in Damar. Cupressoid pit and taxodioid pit were found in Damar and window-like pit and pinoid pit were observed in Sumatran pine. Tracheid length of Damar and Sumatran pine was shorter than $3,000{\mu}m$. There were uniseriate rays in Damar and Sumatran pine and fusiform ray in Sumatran pine. All the hardwood species observed in this study were diffuse-porous. They had different vessel groups, i.e., solitary pore in Afrika and Simpur Batu, pore cluster in Angsana and mostly 2-4 rows of radial pore multiple in Mahoni. Mindi and Trembesi had mostly 2-3 rows of radial pore multiple with paratracheal parenchyma as aliform and confluent types. Afrika, Mahoni and Simpur Batu showed heterocellular rays which composed of procumbent cells in the body and mostly 1-2 rows of upright and/or square cells in the margin. All ray cells procumbent was observed in Angsana, Mindi and Trembesi. The large rays commonly exceeding 1 mm in height and ray width of 3~6 cells were observed in Simpur Batu. The other five hardwood species showed ray width of 1~3 cells. Vessel number per $mm^2$ of Angsana and Simpur Batu was higher than those of the other hardwood species. The length of wood fiber and tracheid showed a tendency to increase from pith to bark. By IAWA list, fiber length of hardwoods was classified into long in Simpur Batu and short in Angsana and Trembesi.