• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.62 no.8
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• pp.100-117
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• 2012

This research aims to study comparatively on the aesthetic characteristics of minimalism and maximalism in the 2000s fashion, based on the previous studies in art and design. For this purpose, literature survey and demonstrative analysis of fashion collection photographs were performed. The scope of this research is from 2000 to 2010. The results are as follows: First, the formativeness of minimalism fashion in the 2000s is analyzed as understatement, simplicity, non decorativeness. The internal meanings are reduction, purity, asceticism, transcendence and practicality. Second, the formativeness of maximalism fashion in the 2000s is analyzed as enlargement, fusion, decorativeness, luxury and avant-garde. The internal meanings are pluralism, open mind, sensibility, fun and materialism. Third, minimalism and maximalism fashion in the 2000s are opposite when compared to each other. While minimalism pursues the nature of human being by ascetic approach, maximalism does it by immersing in human affairs. Within the spectrum of these two opposing ends, there are different degrees of expressions. Also these two trends fuse with other styles. As these trends express and pursue the nature of human being, they are expected to exist incessantly in the future.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.33-45
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• 2019

This study analyzed the association between IFRS adjustments, measured with the IFRS reconciliations, and the subsequent meeting of target earnings. IFRS adjustments include the amounts to be adjusted intentionally, as well as the differences in accounting standards. This study estimated intentional IFRS adjustments and analyzed their association with meeting target earnings. As the results of our analysis, meeting target earnings was associated positively with intentional IFRS adjustments for the total assets, was negatively associated with them for current assets, and was positively associated with them for non-current assets. Since understatement of current assets can be realized into earnings in a short period of time, it seems that current assets were underestimated intentionally in order to meet target earnings subsequently. In contrast, it is considered that non-current assets were overestimated to make them more likely to meet target earnings either by increasing the firm size or by improving financial solvency. The results of this study imply that IFRS adjustments are useful to manage earnings for meeting target earnings. Since accounting standards may be established and revised constantly, which adjustments for them may occur, the results on IFRS adjustments are expected to have implications for investors, policy-makers, and standards establishment entities.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.185-201
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• 2021

This paper analyzes the penalty tax system under the Customs Act of Korea and examines whether the penalty tax provision violate the constitutional principle of proportionality when imposed on a person who does not made import declaration intentionally or travelers who has not been made an import declaration of their carry-on items. It examines the provisions that adopt a penalty tax as a means to secure the effectiveness of the customs law. In relation to penalty tax, the case studies of the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court of Korea are analyzed by major issues such as the legal nature of the penalty tax, whether the penalty tax is unconstitutional, and the reasons for exemption from the penalty tax. There is no reasonable basis for the high penalty tax imposed on travelers' carry-on items for which import declaration has not been made. It is necessary to unify the penalty tax imposed when an import declaration is not made and the penalty tax on traveler's carry-on items. It is necessary to establish a limit on penalty tax and to create new regulations to exempt or reduce penalty tax when punished by administrative punishment to avoid double jeopardy. It is necessary to effectively secure the effectiveness of the Customs Act by converting the penalty tax into civil penalty that does not presuppose the faithful and accurate performance of tax obligations by the taxpayer. The government revised the penalty tax system in the Customs Act in 2019, but there are still many types of penalty tax and there are elements that are unconstitutional. It seems that the Korean government should lower the burden on the people by improving the system for the penalty tax system.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.99-145
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• 2003

Quasi-fiscal activities (QFAs) refer to those activities that public corporations carry out to achieve policy objectives of the government. QFAs often lead to the understatement of the government involvement in the economy and the overstatement of its financial balance, thereby lowering fiscal transparency and hiding fiscal risks. Central banks, as public corporations, perform various QFAs in many countries. I define QFAs in this case as those activities that are not directly related to the intrinsic function of central banks, whose responsibility lies in the administration of monetary policy and the provision of banking services for the government and commercial banks. In Korea, the Bank of Korea (BOK) has been an active source of QFAs. Of particular importance are the policy loans to commercial banks to promote their lending to small- and medium-sized enterprises and others. The outstanding stock of policy loans increased rapidly in the aftermath of the recent economic crisis, and stood at 7.6 trillion won (20 percent of the reserve money) at the end of 2002. Another important QFA by BOK stems from the transfer of part of its profits to the central government. The accumulated transfer during 1998-2002 amounted to 9.9 trillion won. My calculation shows that if these and other QFAs had been carried out by the government as explicit fiscal activities, the consolidated central government financial balance would have been below the actual balance by about 0.5 percent of GDP in each year since the economic crisis. It is suggested that the QFAs by BOK be reduced in coming years not only to enhance fiscal transparency but also to expand the flexibility of BOK's reserve management. Abolishing policy loans and minimizing transfers to the government would be the first step in this direction. BOK should also consider paying interest on the government deposit held in BOK.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.11
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• pp.221-249
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• 2007

Today, photography is facing to the crisis of identity and dilemma of ontology from the digital imaging process in the new technology form. It is very important points to say rethinking of the traditional photographic medium, that has changed the way we view the world and ourselves is perhaps an understatement and that photography has transformed our essential understanding of reality. Now, no longer are photographic images regarded as the true automatic recording, innocent evidence and the mirror to the reality. Rather, photography constructs the world for our entertainment, helping to create the comforting illusions by which we live. The recognition that photographs are not constructions and reflections of reality, is the basis for the actual presence within the contemporary photographic world. It is shock. This thesis's aim is to look for the problems of photographic identity and ontological crisis that is controlling and regulating digital photographic imagery, allowing the reproduction of the electronic simulations era. Photography loses its special aesthetic status and becomes no more true information and, exclusively evidence by traditional film and paper that appeared both as a technological accuracy and as a medium-specific aesthetic. The result, photography is facing two crises, one is the photographic ontology(the introduction of computerized digital images) and the other is photographic epistemology(having to do broader changes in ethics, knowledge and culture). Taken together, these crises apparently threaten us with the death of photography, with the 'end' of photography and the culture it sustains. The thesis's meaning is to look into the dilemma of photography's ontology and epistemology, especially, automatical index and digital codes from its origin, meaning, and identity as the technological medium. Thus, in particular, thesis focuses on the analog imagery presence, from the nature in the material world, and the digital imagery presence from the cultural situations in our society. And also thesis's aim is to examine the main issues of the history of photography has been concentrated on the ontological arguments since the discovery of photography in 1839. Photography has never been only one static technology form. Rather, its nearly two centuries of technological development have been marked by numerous, competing of technological innovation and self revolution from the dual aspects. This thesis examines recent account of photography by the analysis of the medium's concept, meaning, identity between film base image and digital base image from the aspects of photographic ontology and epistemology. Thus, the structure of thesis is fairy straightforward to examine what appear to be two opposing view of photographic conditions and ontological situations. Thesis' view contrasts that figure out the value of photography according to its fundamental characteristic as a medium. Also, it seeks a possible solution to the dilemma of photographic ontology through the medium's origin from the early years of the nineteenth century to the raising questions about the different meaning(analog/digital) of photography, now. Finally, this thesis emphasizes and concludes that the photographic ontological crisis reflects to the paradoxical dynamic structure, that unsolved the origins of the medium, itself. Moreover, even photography is not single identity of the photographic ontology, and also can not be understood as having a static identity or singular status from the dynamic field of technologies, practices, and images.