• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2013

Bentonite is generally used as a buffer material in high-level radioactive waste disposal facilities and consists of 50% quartz by weight. Quartz strongly affects the behavior of bentonite over very long periods. For this reason, quartz dissolution experiment was performed under high-pressure and high-alkalinity conditions based on the conditions found in a high-level radioactive waste disposal facility located deep underground. In this study, two quartz dissolution experiments were conducted on 1) quartz beads under low-pressure and high-alkalinity conditions and 2) a single quartz crystal under high-pressure and high-alkalinity conditions. Following the experiments, a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) was used to observe the surfaces of experimental samples. Numerical analyses using the finite element method (FEM) were also performed to quantify the deformation of contact area. Quartz dissolution was observed in both experiments. This deformation was due to a concentrated compressive stress field, as indicated by the quartz deformation of the contact area through the FEM analysis. According to the numerical results, a high compressive stress field acted upon the neighboring contact area, which showed a rapid dissolution rate compared to other areas of the sample.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.141-147
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• 2005

Although the importance of good conservation of historic sites including ancient royal tombs is wet] aware, still not much attention has been paid for the facilities and systems to preserve those historic sites, which includes precious artifacts as wall paints and carved works, etc. Even the general understanding about the environment of the underground space of tombs is not satisfactory. In the present study, vibration levels due to the operation of an HVAC system to maintain the desired indoor temperature and humidity are investigated experimentally. According to the measured data, the level of vibration inside the present model tomb with the indoor unit inside, showed order of magnitude less values than the Swiss Standards, but still higher than the value suggested by German standards, which is, zero. For the vibration level depends not only on the system design, but also on the installation methods, further study will be pursued for cases including different ways of installation.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.283-300
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• 2020

The Lakhta Center is a Multifunction Complex Development (MFCD) consisting of 1) an 86 story office tower rising 462 m above the ground to provide high-end offices for Gazprom Neft and Gazprom Group affiliates 2) a Multi-Function Building (MFB) that includes, a scientific/educational center, a sport center, a children's technopark, a planetarium, a multi-transformable hall, an exhibition center, shops, restaurants, and other public facilities 3) a Stylobate 4) "The Arch, which forms the main entrance to the tower, restaurants, and cafes 5) underground parking and 6) a wide range of large public plazas. While each of the MFCD buildings is technically challenging in its own right, the focus of the paper is to present the development and integration of the structural and foundation systems of the bowed, tapered, and twisted shape of the tower into the fabric of the tallest Tower in Europe.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.9-27
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• 2013

Nagra was established in 1972 by the Swiss nuclear power plant operators and the Federal Government to implement permanent and safe disposal of all types of radioactive waste generated in Switzerland. The Swiss Nuclear Energy Act specifies that these shall be disposed of in deep geological repositories. A number of different geological formations and sites have been investigated to date and an extended database of geological characteristics as well as data and state-of-the-art methodologies required for the evaluation of the long-term safety of repository systems have been developed. The research, development, and demonstration activities are further supported by the two underground research facilities operating in Switzerland, the Grimsel Test Site and the Mont Terri Project, along with very active collaboration of Nagra with national and international partners. A new site selection process was approved by the Federal Government in 2008 and is ongoing. This process is driven by the long-term safety and feasibility of the geological repositories and is based on a step-wise decision-making approach with a strong participatory component from the affected communities and regions. In this paper a brief history and the current status of the Swiss radioactive waste management program are presented and special characteristics that may be useful beyond the Swiss program are highlighted and discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2009.09a
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• pp.1037-1040
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• 2009

Using much most electricity electric resistivity survey by nondestructiveness inquiry enforcement design of country base equipment business and facilities preservation administration dimension electric resistivity survey sends and cause much effects in survey believability by electricity medium of survey personality survey contiguity that grasp base special quality by potential difference flowing current artificially in base. Is item that enforce in most in-suite although when make electric resistivity survey until present, electricity medium or effect research by electricity origination was gone much. There is shortcoming that must be difficult to know correct underground utilities establishment state in-suite in this research and do comparison examination running parallel drilling investigation to heighten believability of electric resistivity survey. Did to dam that censure data that regulate grading from construction and is censure construction which can know correctly interior base situation comparatively to electricity medium of interior and electricity eruption won of contiguity and base condition (base rock).

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2009.09a
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• pp.643-650
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• 2009

The necessary consequence by the rapid economic growth in large-scale urban excavation is increasing. If the site is the congested in downtown, the scale of excavation will get the large-scale and the extreme depth. We have achieved a high level technology internationally by the design and construction of underground excavation since 1980's. But the accidents during excavation are frequently occurring. So, this demage instigates the human life loss as well as economical loss. The recent accident is come about the damage for public facilities such as the railroad, subway and etc. in addition to the loss of life and property. For these reasons, the recent accident is being caused the damage of copious social overhead capital. The reasons of collapse during excavation can be classified roughly into the administrative part(sanction, permission), the investigation and design, the construction and management and etc. In this study the close check for the cases of the recent collapse is performed and the improvement course for the prevention of collapse is found.

• Proceedings of the Korean Association of Geographic Inforamtion Studies Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.217-226
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• 2008

최근 들어 U-City 구축 사업을 수행하고 있는 대다수의 지자체에서는 U-City건설지원법에서 규정하고 있는 U-도시기반시설의 서비스 모델을 정립하고 체계화 하기위해 노력하고 있다. 그 중 공간정보 수요가 높은 도로, 상 하수도 시설물은 국토해양부의 주관하에 90년말부터 현재까지 매칭펀드 사업을 통해 DB 및 시스템을 구축하도록 유도해 왔다. 그러나 정부차원의 이러한 사업이 지자체 지리정보 담당부서와 지하시설물 관리 담당 공무원들 중심으로 단순히 공간정보의 조회 및 편집차원에서 추진되고 있어 활용에 대한 한계가 발생하고 있다. 본 연구는 국토해양부에서 주관하고 있는 '지능형 도시 지하시설물 관리 기술 개발' R&D 사업을 통해 이러한 한계를 극복하고 기존 상 하수도 단위시스템에서 제공하는 조회 및 편집기능이외에도 USN 및 RFID를 적용하여 활용할 수 있는 지능화된 지하시설물 관리업무를 도출하고, 기존 상 하수도 단위시스템과의 연계 모델을 제시하고자 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Association of Geographic Inforamtion Studies Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.232-237
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• 2008

지하시설물은 상수, 전력, 가스를 공급하고, 하수를 처리하는 동시에 정보통신망을 구축하는 중요한 도시기반시설이기 때문에 지하시설물에 관한 정보가 상당히 중요하게 대두되고 있다. 기존의 도시시설물들은 지상에 설치되어 왔으나 도시의 집중화에 따른 건설안전, 도시 미관, 유지 관리의 용이성을 위하여 시설물을 지하에 매설하는 경향이 높아짐에 따라 이러한 지하시설물의 효과적인 유지관리가 필요하게 되었다. 본 연구에서는 지하시설물 중 상 하수도 정보의 3차원 영상 가시화 기능을 개발하여 도시 지하시설물의 체계적인 관리 기술 및 안전성 확보하고자 하였다. 연구 대상으로 한 3차원 영상 가시화 항목은 현행 도시 관리 체계에서 다루고 있는 지리적 범위내의 지하시설물 중 상 하수도 시설물이다. 도시 지하시설물의 3차원 시각화를 위하여 지하시설물의 항목 별 분류를 수행하였으며 지하시설물의 3차원 시각화 적용 방안에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 또한 지하시설물 항목별 데이터 관리 방안을 수립하여 3차원 관리 대상 데이터를 제시하였으며 가시화 테스트를 통하여 3차원 영상 가시화 기능을 검증하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 지하시설물의 3차원 시각화 기능은 도시 지하시설물 관리 기술의 혁신을 선도한 것으로 기대한다.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the microbial characteristics of the urban air pollution in the subway stations, streets, department stores, wholesale markets, underground shopping centers, buildings, parks, houses and apartments in the Seoul and the suburbs area. Total cell count, total mold count and the presence of opportunistic pathogens(Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp.) were evaluated determine the microbial air quality. Total cell count and mold count of indoor air in the houses and apartments were 2.9$\times$10$^2$-6.3$\times$10$^2$cfu/㎥ and 60-1.8$\times$10$^2$cfu/㎥, respectively, and the department stores and wholesale markets had much lower cell count than the houses and apartments. Ground level of commercial stations were 2.6 fold higher than the general subway stations, and Apergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. which could cause the bronchus and lung diseases were detected 17 sampling site out of 45. Dust were collected from the commercial facilities and houses, and total cell and mold count of the dust were 4.3$\times$10$^3$-1.7$\times$10$^{6}$ cfu/g and 2.3$\times$10$^3$-6.5 $\times$10$^4$cfu/g, respectively. Therefore the dust might be one of the main reservoir of microorganims.

• 한국정보통신설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.08a
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• pp.229-237
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• 2005

통신용 지하 관로는 대부분 내경 100mm인 PVC 재질로 되어 있으며, 지하에 매설한 후 또는 관로를 사용하기 전에 관로 상태의 정상 유무를 확인할 목적으로 맨드릴(직경 90mm)을 이용한 선통 검사로 정상 관로와 불량 관로를 판단 하였다. 그러나 이러한 방법으로는 조사 대상 관로의 불량 원인을 밝힐 수 없을 뿐 아니라, 복수 개소의 불량 지점을 확인하는 것이 불가능하여 관로 보수나 사용을 위한 기본적인 관로 정보를 제공할 수 없었다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 디지털 관로 조사장비를 개발하였으며, 관로 내부를 따라 관로 카메라를 이동시키면서 관로 내부의 변형 상태를 실시간으로 확인하거나, 관로 벽에 조사된 레이저 빔 영상을 검출하여 관로 단면의 최소 직경을 측정할 수도 있다. 또한, 디지털 맨드릴은 1mm 간격으로 관로의 내경을 측정할 수 있는 게이지가 설치되어 있어, 실시간으로 관로 단면의 최소 직경을 측정할 수 있어 조사 관로의 전반적인 변형 정도를 모니터링 할 수 있다. 이러한 디지털 관로 조사장비를 이용하여 신설 관로의 시공품질을 측정하거나, 기존 관로의 상태를 객관적이고 정확하게 파악하여 관로 상태에 따른 케이블 포설 계획을 수립할 수 있으며, 불량 관로 보수를 위한 정확한 자료를 제공하여 유지관리의 효율성을 높일 수 있다.