• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.15-23
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• 2010

First appeared in the 1970s, the underground shopping mall has been spreading across the country, and there reportedly exist 77 malls in the 2010. After over 30 decades operation, many underground shopping malls are now under the planning phase for renovation in many cities. This study considers the renovation issue of the underground shopping mall in the perspective of spatial re-configuration. A case is taken from Kangnam TerminalUnderground Shopping Mall in Seoul for detailed observation and suggestion. The monotonous and confusingspatial layout of the existing mall is investigated by observation methods. Based on the observation, a modifiedplan is suggested and evaluated by means of computer simulation program, Depth Map. The program mainly deals with visual network analysis in order to quantify the optical exposure in a given space. It is argued in this paper that the enhanced visual connectedness could affect the pedestrian performance positively in the shopping mall, and this leads to an easy and quick access to each shops in users' stand point. It is thought that this configurational solution for the remodelling of a specific case would be an effective reference for other malls in the country which are facing the similar problems.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.538-550
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• 2008

Radon is an invisible, odorless, and radioactive gas. It is formed by the disintegration of radium, which is a decay product of uranium. Some amounts of radon gas and its products are present ubiquitously in the soil, water, and air. Particularly high radon levels occur in regions of high uranium content. Although radon is permeable into indoor environment not only through geological features (bed rock and permeability) but also through the construction materials and underground water, the radiation from the geological features is generally main exposure factor. So there can be a problem in a certain space such as the underground and/or relatively poor ventilation condition. In this study, a GIS technique was used in order to investigate spatial distribution of radon measured from sub- way stations of 1 thru 8 in Seoul, Korea in 1991, 1998, 2001, and 2006. Spatial analysis was applied to reproduce the radon distribution. We utilized spatial analysis techniques such as inverse distance weighted averaging (IDW) and kriging techniques which are widely used to relate between different spatial points. To validate the results from the analyses, the jackknife technique for an uncertainty test was performed. When the number of measuring sites was less than 100 and also when the number of omitted sites increased, the kriging technique was better than IDW. On the other hand, when the number of sites was over 100, IDW technique was better than kriging technique. Thus the selection of analytical tool was affected sensitives by the analysis based on the number of measuring sites.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.232-233
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• 2006

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.477-482
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• 2021

The integrated underground space map system provides information on infrastructure that requires security, but to prevent rupture accidents during excavation work at the underground construction site, it must provide information on all underground facilities on the site. Providing additional information other than the object of interest to the user is a factor that increases the risk of information leakage of security data. In this paper, we design the visualization filtering method that when visualizing the integrated underground space map in the field, the visualization of entire underground facilities of interest to workers is performed, but visualization of other underground facilities is minimized to minimize the risk of security data information leakage. To this end, a visualization area of a certain distance for each of the underground facilities of interest was created, and an integrated visualization filter was created with spatial union operation. When the integrated underground map is output on the screen, only the objects located within the filter area are visualized using the generated filter information, and objects that exist outside are not visualized, thereby minimizing the provision of information to the user.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.607-616
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• 2012

The need for management of tunnel air quality is imminent considering the rapid increase of number and span of tunnels in Korea. To investigate spatial distribution of $CO_2$ within tunnels, $CO_2$ were measured and model simulations were performed in Namsan 1 tunnel. Results show that $CO_2$ concentrations were 250 ppm to 400 ppm higher in the exit than tunnel entrance. Also, $CO_2$ concentrations were 200 ppm to 300 ppm lower inside no ventilating vehicle than in the tunnel. Both experimental and model simulation results show that spatial distribution and concentration gradient of air pollutant inside tunnel are highly dependent on traffic density.

• Journal of Convergence Society for SMB
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.37-43
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• 2016

Sinkholes happen in increasingly higher frequency in downtown areas with a concentration of social infrastructure these days. Most sinkholes occur around the living areas of citizens, which calls for a systematic countermeasure plan for urban development and underground water management, which are parts of the main causes of sinkholes. This study thus set out to analyze the risk factors of sinkholes in the subject area by using geospatial information deeply connected to sinkholes both directly and indirectly. The geospatial information used in analysis was obtained by examining the causes of sinkholes from a topographical perspective. Collected data were treated and analyzed with a range of spatial analysis tools based on GIS. The findings show that topographical factors had significant relations with sinkhole causes and raise a need to manage all kinds of pipe networks underground, the movement characteristics of underground water levels, and other topographical features. The findings may serve as data to support decision-making processes in the field of urban disaster prevention and call for extensive research to incorporate hydro-geomorphology and spatial modeling.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.553-564
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• 1998

For the proper design and management of underground storage cavern, groundwater flow around cavern should be analyzed. Since this flow is influenced by spatial nonuniformity of hudraulic conductivity, the two-dimensional finite element flow model incorporating stochastic concepts was developed to analyze influences due to this nonuniformity. Monte Carlo technique was applied to obtain an approximate solution for two-dimensional, steady flow in a stochastically defined nonuniform medisu. For this purpose, the values of hydraulic conductivity were generated for each element with known mean and standard deviations. The uncertainty in model prediction depends on both the nonuniformity in hydraulic conductivity and the natures of the flow system such as water curtain and boundary condition. Therefore the uncertainties in predicted hydraulic head and gradient are the greatest where the mean hydraulic gradients are relatively large and far from the boundaries. Especially, we relate these uncertainties with well known gas tightness condition.

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
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• v.7 no.2 s.14
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• pp.29-38
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• 2005

Even though underground conduits have became important city-infra structures which should be exhaustively and efficiently managed, there is few systems which supports the well-defined facility management standards. Due to the lack of the supporting systems, experts must visit underground conduits scattered several cities over the country to see and check the status of the underground conduits including built-in facilities. This type of management gives us a little bit delayed status information at the end of so much time and money costs. In this paper, to solve this problem and manage the conduit synthetically, we developed a web-based facility management system for underground conduits by using information technologies. The developed management system has a simplified map drawing interface to depict the overall architectures and locations of underground conduits and their built-in facilities into sketch maps. And, the system uses the 3D panorama image technology with zooming functions in addition to still images and video images to give the feeling of a spot inspection. Moreover, since the system accumulates the data of repair/reinforcement, occasional inspections and safety diagnosis, conduit managers can synthetically and effectively manage the facilities within underground conduits and themselves.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.21-27
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• 2010

When the capacity of underground caverns' structures is measured, a general surveying is difficult to decide an accurate section of irregular shape and a photographic surveying has problems on picture acquisition due to underground dusts, noise and lighting conditions, etc. The laser scanner system is being much used for 3-dimensional modeling such as topography, planimetric features and structures, etc. without a target by measuring arriving time of a laser pulse reflected after scanning the laser pulse and calculating space coordinates of the reflection position. Accordingly, the present research carried out section and earthwork volume measurement of a tunnel by using a laser scanner in underground anchorage excavation work that a bridge construction is being executed.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.249-257
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• 2006

The spatial distribution of design parameters greatly affects tunnel behavior during and after construction, as well as in the long-term temporal responses. However, the tunnel design parameters commonly used in numerical modeling tend to be representative or average values of global-scale properties. Furthermore, the uncertainty and spatial variation of the design parameters increase as the tunnel scale increases. Consequently, the probability of failure also increases. In order to achieve structural stability in large-section tunnels, the design framework must take into consideration the quantitative effect of design parameter variations on tunnel behavior. Therefore, this paper suggests a statistical approach to numerical modeling to explore the effect of spatially distributed design parameters in a circular tunnel. Also, the effect of spatial variation in the lining strength is studied in this paper. The numerical results suggest that the deformation around the tunnel increases with an increase in the variation of the design parameters.