• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.13-22
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• 2010

This study aims to propose design directions for the eco-friendly, sustainable underground campus in terms of integrated design. For this purpose, theoretical investigation, design methodology and quality investigation, analytical case studies on the domestic and foreign underground campus, and user survey for POE(Post Occupancy Evaluation) and analysis on the recently built domestic underground campus plans were conducted. As a conclusion, design direction and improvement areas for the synthesized sustainable underground campus plan were proposed. Underground campus plan will be a great alternative for a 21st century sustainable campus if well-developed plans with organized design guidelines are established.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.3-14
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• 2012

University campus has grown and developed along with history of human in connection with transition characteristics of city. In particular, reflecting the features in the times, the masterplan should explore its main roles today when international growth of university is pursued. In particular, center core and quad space, focusing on main components of campus such as main building, student union hall and main lecture facility, are the prototype of campus components and have been pursued to have importance in terms of shape and function as traditional campus space strategy. Recently, however, new strategy has been proposed to explore orders of campus utilizing the underground space focusing on main universities. Design of Hana Plaza of Korea University and Bekyangro of Yeonsei University, the targets of this study, actively explore this strategy. This study analyzed such strategies in terms of concept of space to obtain space, design trend of main universities at home and abroad, and viewpoint of integrated masterplan proposal. Conclusions from this study are as follows. First, concept of quad and center space found in the design of traditional campus is reinterpreted into new design aspects through development of underground space. Second, development of underground space is approached to overcome the limit of existing campus and to present the vision of universities 100 years ahead. Third, ever-changing complicated urban environment has been reflected in space configuration of campus and positioned as strategy to implement this as modern construction technique. Third, implementation of pedestrian-oriented campus has been pursued by reinforcing utilization of inclined topography of urban environment in Korea. This enables to obtain spaces for main activities of students and to implement the space where student support facilities are concentrated and activities are performed actively. Such features can be presented as conclusions of this study.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.99-118
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• 2013

Construction of the extension project of the Bangkok MRT Blue Line underground railway was recently started in 2011. The construction of approximately 5 km long underground tunnel and 4 deep excavations of underground station are considered to be the most important geotechnical works. The pressuremeter was selected as a high-quality in situ testing of the soil to evaluate design parameters for the project. In addition, other field and laboratory tests such as vane shear and $CK_0U$ triaxial tests were included in the investigation programme. This paper aims to present the ground conditions encountered along the MRT Blue Line extension project as well as the site investigation and interpretation techniques with particular focus on the pressuremeter tests. The results are also compared with the pressuremeter investigation from the previous Bangkok MRT project.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.69-83
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• 2005

In many cases, underground structures are built using conventional above-grade structural systems to carry gravity load. This paper proposes the use of underground arches, termed "buried arches", to support gravity loads, wherein the horizontal thrust of the arch is equilibrated by soil pressure. Because the horizontal soil pressure increases with depth, the depth of the arch may be reduced as the depth below grade increases. Critical to the success of such an approach is a proper accounting of creep and shrinkage for arches made of reinforced concrete. This paper addresses the influence of equilibrium, creep, and shrinkage as they affect the design of the arch from a theoretical perspective. Several examples illustrate the use of buried arches for the design of underground parking structures.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.25-36
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• 2015

Historically, college campuses have played a role of a city, and the development pattern of various forms and functions of cities was found in the growth stages of campuses as well. In this way, campuses developed in close relationships with our lives and such a characteristic can be confirmed in a number of cases in and out of the country. The strategic concept of such expansion is shown in the strategic classification through a master plan. This research examines concepts of major universities in the metropolitan area of Korea for promoting campus expansion and proposes implications through them. The results drawn from the research are as follows. Firstly, various developmental directions should be sought in aspects of planning, programming and economics for campus expansion with the complex application of such factors. Secondly, the multi-campus strategy of past localization era is changing into the concept of forming a global campus materializing itself as the planning strategy of internal campus. Thirdly, the physical barrier is being dissolved as a way to promote the relationship with local communities, and particularly, the management strategy of constructing new buildings in connection with local communities is the leading measure of materialization. Lastly, the development of underground space is actively carried out due to the limitation of ground physical space through which a role of establishing new campus order along with securing space is pursued.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2011

In order to solve the current shortage of parking spaces, and redesign the main gate area of the U University, the research investigated some cases of other schools located in Seoul which actively constructed multi-purpose building structures. Those schools are considered to be good samples showing their efforts to fulfill the needs of more parking spaces in their campuses, and to cover with the growing needs of multi-functioned facilities accommodating services of academic affairs, reading room spaces, and amenities. With the investigation, the research finded out the current trends of campus developments from the sample schools, such as underground parking facilities connected with multi-purpose buildings along the main arteries of campuses. Following the trends the research thoroughly examined the present conditions of our school and tried to make some possible alternatives for the facilities. Under the conditions, the research suggested 1)to construct underground parking lots accepting around 1,000 cars under the ivory tower square located in front of University Administration Building, 2)to develop a big-scaled open square at the university main gate, and 3)to build a multi-purpose structure along the main street of the campus, which included administration services, studying spaces, and some commercial facilities.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry, and Cartography Conference
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.367-369
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to develop a campus facility management system, construct 3D graphic data and attribute data of facilities on the Kumoh National Institute of Technology and then verificate the developed system's practicability. Utilized the existing campus facility data from the existing drawings, images, cadastre records and so forth, 3D position data of underground facilities surveyed with a total station and high-resolution aerial photos, 3D realistic models were produced by means of a XD2D software and a XDWORLD Builder Professional software of GIS engines. We intend to embody not only campus guide service in virtual reality space but visualization of 3D virtual campus by providing 2D and 3D data to web space using XDWORLD server soon after. It is expected that the campus facility management system is able to contribute to the integrated management of 3D facility data service, the support of prompt decision-making related to spatial affairs, the work simplification through data holding in common between the members of the staff and so forth.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.177-190
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• 2017

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the effect of large underground station construction method under an existing pile supported bridge using reduced-scale model tests. A series of tests were conducted on design alternatives using 1g models for different design options for which tunnel structures were created considering the similitude law. Deformation fields obtained using the PIV analysis and LVDTs together with strains in tunnel structures were used to investigate the effect of the construction methods on the pile supported bridge. The results of the tests demonstrated that the pipe roof structure is more efficient in limiting the ground deformation as well as the settlement of bridge foundation than a 2-Arch tunnel. It is also shown that the PIV analysis can be effectively used in analyzing ground tunneling induced ground movement for cases in which a construction sequence governs ground movement.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.61-69
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• 2022

The study intends to investigate a short-run and a long-run causality among money, income, and prices in the Keynesian and Monetarists framework. This study emphasizes the importance of unrecorded money, which exists alongside legal monetary assets and plays a dual function in determining economic prosperity. The underground economy, which is a hidden component of aggregate economic activity, is determined using Tanzi's monetary approach (Tanzi, 1980). This research uses a time series of annual data from 1990 to 2019 for this purpose. The data is extracted from the World Bank database for the monetary and development indicators. The study keeping in view the trending nature in data follows a unit root testing followed by the Autoregressive Distributive Lag Model (ARDL) to assess the long and short-run dynamics of causality among the variables. In both the pricing and income equations, the study finds a significant level link among the variables; however, there is no evidence of the presence of a level association in the money equation. The short-run causal relationship provides evidence of bi-directional causation between the supply of money and national income. The outcome of this study advise that though the view point of both the Monetarist and Keynesian school holds in both short and long run, however, in Pakistan only the Monetarists' role of money supply and income holds in Pakistan. This evidence would be of precise interest to the policy-makers.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.223-228
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• 1982

Experiments were conducted to study the interrelationships between root development of rice plant and water managements at saline paddy field where has been grown rice plant for 3 years, and to compare the root development between two fields, saline and matured. Under the conditions of non interval and two day interval flooding at saline paddy fields, root systems developed well at surface soil, however, root systems developed well and distributed evenly through surface and sub-soil at saline field where underground drainage was performed, and at matured field. Root developments at field flooded with no interval and with two-day interval were poor as compared with those of saline paddy field of underground drainage and matured field. Regardless of water managements and fields, the ratio of stunted crown roots developed after panicle fromation stage was higher than that developed at early or middle growth stage.