• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.16 s.16
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• pp.64-76
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• 2004

This study was performed by chemical analysis and metallographic observation. Chemical properties were analized by ICP, XRD and SEM-EDS and slag structures were observed by microscope and SEM. Total Fe amounts in A, C area of slag can be observed $39\~45\%$ by chemical analysis results. It was average of acient times. CaO was $3\~8\%$. It's not plentiful but we think that was artificial. Ti was found in A area a little, and Ti, V were found in C area so much. The compounds, as if Fayalite, Wustite, Magnetite, Ilmenite, Pseudo-brookite, Ulvospinel, Forsterite, Fephroite, Olivine were observed in the result XRD. These structures were also observed in microscope and SEM image. Therefore, The furnance of A area usually used an iron mine, An Iron furnance of C area considered it which refined using a raw iron mine and a raw iron sand.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.139-147
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• 2013

This study focused on iron making related information through analyzing slags and furnace wall collected from iron production site of Suryong-ri Wonmorongi, Chungju. Total Fe content of slags were from 36.98% to 44.47% and this range was general recovery rate of iron in ancient. Compounds of calcium included slags was supposed to add intentionally during smelting process as deoxidation agent in order that these helped to separate iron from impurities. Furnace wall didn't make of high alumina clay because of low $Al_2O_3$. Microstructure and main components of slags show that No. 1 to 3 slags with fayalite and wustite were products of iron ore smelting. However, No.4 slag is more likely to smelt by iron sand because of ulvospinel with $TiO_2$ in No. 4 slag. Therefore, iron ore were not only used but iron sand in smelting and furnace wall made of general clay with low $Al_2O_3$ content in this area.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.101-104
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• 2004

It was realized that MC-XRD is useful for phase analyzing of inclusions in crystals because it can focus the X-Ray beam to the small particles sized dozens of $\mu\textrm{m}$ with high S/N ratio. By using this MC-XRD, needle-like inclusions which are seen generally in corundum crystals known as rutile was found to be the iron titanium oxide and iron oxide which has the chemical composition of $Fe_2TiO_4,\; Fe_2TiO_5,\; Fe_2O_3$respectively

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.84-89
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• 2009

The turbid/translucent, near colorless(milky) metamorphic sapphire samples from Sri Lanka have been characterized after the heat treatment in $N_2$ at $1650^{\circ}C$. As-received sapphire specimens became bluish-colored and exhibited more clarity after the heat treatment. It was found that the color change at inclusions zoning region is attributed by the dissolution. As received samples contain the micro/nano inclusions such as rutile($TiO_2$), ilmenite($FeTiO_3$), spinel($MgAl_{2}O_{4}$)/ulvospinel($Fe_{2}TiO_{4}$) and apatite($Ca_5(PO_4)_3$), which were dissolved by the heat treatment and form the blue color through $Fe^{2+}/Ti^{4+}$ charge transferring. The microstructures become different because as the dissolution of apatite($Ca_5(PO_4)_3(OH,F,Cl)$) in alumino silicates($Al_{2}SiO_{5}$) occurred, resulting in morphological change with the appearance of(Ca, Mg, Al) silicate on the surface. Both as-received and heat treated samples showed the rhombohedral crystal structure of $Al_{2}O_{3}$.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.171-182
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• 2010

The slag excavated from Gyesil-ri in Gongju, Yeonje-ri in Cheongwon and Beopcheonsaji (temple) site in Wonju are analyzed by X-ray Fluorescence Analyzer, metallurgical microscope, SEM-EDS etc., for chemical composition and microstructure to figure out the raw material and the iron manufacturing technique. First of all, as a result of principal component analysis, the total Fe-content of slag from Gyesil-ri is 39 to 44% and the modified rate is 15 to 21%, which is common in ancient iron slag. Yeonje-ri site is found the ancient iron-smelting furnace. The total Fe-content of slag from Yeonje-ri is 41 to 43% and modified rate is 18~30%, which is also the general value in the ancient slag. However only slag is excavated in the residential area at Beopcheonsaji site and there is no iron making relic. In addition, the result of principal component analysis contains that the total Fe-content of Beopcheonsaji site is 52 to 57%, and modified rate is 8 to 14%. It shows that the total Fe-content of Beopcheonsaji site is higher than relic from Gyesil-ri and Yeonje-ri and the modified rate is lower than other sites. This results mean that recollecting rate of Fe in Beopcheonsaji site is lower than other sites. Also, as a result of minor elements analysis, the slag from Gyesil-ri has the higher level of Ti, V and Zr than other sites and the microstructure are observed as magnetite and ulvospinel, so that the raw material of slag is iron sand. But the slag from Yeonje-ri and Beopcheonsaji site are identified to use iron ore. As a result of microstructure observation, fayalite, gray-columnar crystal, is found in the slag from Yeonje-ri and big wustite as main phase is observed in the slag from Beopcheonsaji site. This study show that the slag from Yeonje-ri is made of smelt ash produced during smelting works and the slag from Beopcheonsaji site is made of forging ash produced during forging work concerning the excavated location and the microstructure.