• 한국양식학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.46-50
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• 2004

In the present study, attempts were made to cryopreserve sea urchin, Anthocidaris crassispina sperm in liquid nitrogen, to evaluate the effects of various cryoprotectants and freezing rates on motility, survival rate and fertilization rate of the post-thawing sperm, and the ultrastructural changes of sperm after cryopreservation were observed. The highest values of sperm motility (motility index: 3.3$\pm$0.37) and survival rate (72$\pm$3.5%) were obtained with 15% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and these values were significantly higher than those of sperm preserved with glycerol. Comparisons of motilities and survival rates between treatments of difference freezing rates showed that there was no difference between procedures (a) 5$0^{\circ}C$/min to -8$0^{\circ}C$ (motility index: 3.3$\pm$0.31 ; survival late 70$\pm$2.7%) and (b) 3$0^{\circ}C$/min to -8$0^{\circ}C$ (motility index: 3.1$\pm$0.29; survival rate 69$\pm$3.7%), while the results of (c) 1$0^{\circ}C$/min to -8$0^{\circ}C$ were significantly lower than the others (motility index: 2.2$\pm$0.33 ; survival rate 42$\pm$4.6%). There was no significant difference in fertilization rate between fresh sperm and sperm preserved with 15% DMSO as cryoprotectant and freezing rate (3$0^{\circ}C$/min to -8$0^{\circ}C$). Some ultrastructural changes of sperm, such as the detachment of plasma membrane, the destruction of mitochondria, and the flagellum rolling up head, were observed after cryopreservation. Morphological normality of the sperm in 15% DMSO frozen at the ratio of 5$0^{\circ}C$/min to -8$0^{\circ}C$ was better than the others.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.311-319
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the ultrastructural changes of spermatozoa obtained from 20 of 3-year-old male chum salmon(Oncorhynchus keta) collected and analysed in middle October in 1995. The ultrastructural changes of gonad of fingerlings were examined to describe the sex differentiation of this species. The results obtained in this study were as follows : In spermatozoa, the nucleus is dense and homogeneous. Two spheroidal mitochondria(about 350nm long) are situated in parallel between the nucleus and the axoneme. Spermatozoa mitochondria are assembled into an organized sheath surrounding the outer dense fibres and axoneme of the flagellar midpiece. The sheath flagellum is situated beneath the base of the sperm head. The primordial germ cells of 6.8~7.2${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in size, which were buried under fibrous mesenchymal tissue between gut duct and notochord of larva with a total length of 2.4cm at 50 days after hatching. In juvenile of 10.5cm in total length at 70 days after hatching, the gonad was occupied by bundles of oogonia. The dense drumstick bodies(large arrows) are observed in the nuclei of the primordial gonad and surrounding tissue cells of fingerling at 70 days after hatching. The oval Barr bodies(asterisk) are observed in the nuclei of the primordial germ cells under the mitosis(2n). Note the large mitochondria, ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm. Accordingly, the fingerlings at 70 days after hatching are identified as the female(xx). In result, the gonadal sex differentiation begins from the 70 days after hatching in chum salmon.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.87-100
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• 1997

To investigate the effects of mercuric chloride $(HgCl_2)$ on the differentiation of the cerebral neuron of chick embryo 10 days, the ultrastructural changes in nerve cells injected with a various doses of mercuric chloride were observed with transmission electron microscope. The enzyme activity of the some dehydrogenases, cerebral proteins and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were also analyzed. The results obtained are as follows; The ultrastructural changes in 1.0 mg-injected group, the nuclear membranes were irregular, outer of mitochondria membrances dispressioned, their cristae were destroyed. In 2.0 mg-injected group, the nuclear envelops were destroyed and divided, were not observed organelle except of few ribosome, the RER and mitochondria. The number of polypeptide bands were separated by SDS-PAGE in the normal group were 38 bands. According to the in creased dose of mercuric chloride, contends of the bands were increased in 4 bands, but were decreased in 1 band. The activities of dehydrogenases were declined by increasing the dose of mercuric chloride. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity fatted to 61% in 2.0 mg-injected group. Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity fatted to 90% in 1.0 mg-injected group, greatly to 76% in 2.0 mg-injected group. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity decreased to 79% in 1.0 mg-injected group and greatly to 62% in 2.0 mg-injected group. ATP content in 1.0 mg-injected group was almost near to the normal level, but it was increased greatly in 2.0 mg-injected group.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.53-60
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• 1992

인삼(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) 종자의 개갑 직후로부터 발아 직전까지의 후숙과정에 있어서 저장물질의 분해와 연관된 배유의 미세구조 변화상을 광학 및 전자현미경을 이용하여 규명하였다. 종자의 후숙단계에서는 제형층과 인접한 배유세포의 단백과립은 퇴행성 변화를 나타내었고, 이로 인해 단백질 기질은 전자밀도가 점진적으로 낮아지는 결과를 얻었는바, 이 시기에 이미 배유의 분해가 시작되고 있음을 나타내는 것이라 할 수 있다. 개갑 이후의 종자에 있어서, 배유세포의 퇴행과정이 더욱 진행됨에 따라 단백과립에는 아직 분해가 이루어지지 않은 부분이 높은 전자밀도를 지닌채 무정형의 형태로 존재하고 있었다. 분해된 단백과립은 단백질 기질의 소실로 액포화되었으며, 이들은 점진적으로 융합과 함께 확장되었다. 퇴행과정과 더불어 스페로솜도 점진적으로 전자밀도가 낮아지면서 분해되었다. 딕티오솜 유래의 소포들은 제형층과 접한 배유세포벽과 인접하여 위치하였으며, 원형질막과 융합하였다. 배유세포이 분해 잔유물로 이루어진 제형층은 다량의 섬유상 물질, 분해가 진행중인 스페로솜, 그리고 toluidine blue와 basic fuchsin에 강한 염색상을 갖는 물질 등으로 이루어져 있었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.257-265
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• 2000

Harderian glands are the unique organs in several mammals, which human and non-human primates do not have. We report the ultrastructural changes in the postnatal developmental periods of Harderian glands in Mongolian gerbil(Meriones unguiculatus). Male and female Mongolian gerbils were sacrificed on days 3, 10, 30 and 60 after birth and their Harderian glands were observed by transmission electron microscope. The obtained results were summarized as follows; 1. In 3-day-old Mongolian gerbils, Harderian gland was composed of one excretory duct and immature tubules which have two type cells, dark and light cells, identified electron-dense and electron-lucent respectively. 2. In 10-day-old Mongolian gerbils, small lipid vacuoles began to be found in the cytoplasm of the secretory cells of the Harderian gland. Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, polysomes and slash were more abundant in the cytoplasm of dark cells than those of light cells. The arrangement of tubules in the gland was much more condensed than that of 3-day-old Mongolian gerbils. 3. In 30-day-old Mongolian gerbils, the secretory cells of the tubule were typically columnar in shape and there was one type cell in the tubule. Most of the columnar secretory cells contained various size vacuoles. 4. In 60-day-old Mongolian gerbils, the Harderian gland possessed the typical structural characteristics of adults. The mature glandular structures were more significant than those of 30-day-old animals.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.570-579
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• 1995

담수산과 해수에 적응된 guppy 아가미 상피내 점액세포의 미세구조를 주사 및 투과 전자현미경으로 관찰하고, 점액질 조성의 변화를 조직화학적으로 분석하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 점액세포는 아가미궁에서 돌출되어 형성된 일차층판상피에 주로 위치하였다. 미성숙점액 세포에는 과립형질내세망과 Golgi 복합체가 잘 발달되어 있었으며, 성숙 점액세포는 거의 점액과립들로 가득 채워져 있었다. 담수산 guppy 아가미 상피내 점액세포의 점액질은 중성점액질과, 산성점액질인 sialomucin 및 sulfomucin을 다량 포함하고 있었으며, 바닷물에 적응시킨 경우에서는 sialomucin과 sulfomucin이 약간 감소하였다. 바닷물에 적응된 guppy의 아가미 상피내 점액세포의 수는 담수산과 비교하여 3배이상 감소하였다. 이는 서식환경을 해수로 옮긴 결과, 변화된 삼투적 스트레스에 대응한 결과일 뿐 아니라 담수보다는 높은 염분농도인 해수환경의 감소된 감염기회와도 연관된 결과라고 생각된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 1978

돼지백혈구(白血球) lysosomal 효소를 여러 pH(7.0, 4.0), 온도(溫度) 및 처리시간(處理時間)($37^{\circ}C$에서 12, 25시간(時間). $4^{\circ}C$에서 36, 168시간(時間)으로 처리(處理)한 우(牛)의 요근섬유(腰筋纖維)의 기미세적변화(起微細的變化)를 TEM으로 관찰한 바 pH 7.0에서는 처리 온도(溫度)와 시간(時間)에 관계없이 Z-line, M-line, H-zone등의 분해(分解)를 나타내었으나, pH 4.0에서는 myofilament만이 현저(顯著)한 분해(分解)를 나타내었을 뿐, Z-line은 정상적(正常的)이어서 분해작용(分解作用)이 없음을 보였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.36-45
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• 1978

맥백혈구(脈白血球) Lysosomal 효소를 pH(7.0, 4.0), 온도($37^{\circ}C$, $4^{\circ}C$) 및 처리기간($37^{\circ}C$에서 12 24시간, $4^{\circ}C$에서 36 168시간)을 달리하여 처리(處理)한 우(牛)의 요근조직(腰筋組織)의 변화(變化)에 대(對)하여 endomysial connective tissue, sarcolemma 및 transverse ridge등 근(筋)섬유 표면조직(表面組織)의 변화(變化)를 SEM으로 관찰한 바, 처리온도(溫度)에 관계(關係)없이 pH 7.0에서는 endomysial connective tissue, sarcolenna 및 transverse ridge의 분해(分解)를 나타내어 이 효소의 높은 역가(力價)를 보였으나, pH4.0에서는 이들 표면조직(表面組織)에 변화(變化)가 없었으며 특(特)히 transverse ridge는 $37^{\circ}C$에서 24시간, 그리고 $4^{\circ}C$에서 7일간 처리(處理)하여도 변화(變化)를 나타내지 않아 안정(安定)됨을 보였다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2001

Objective: To identify and evaluate the lateral border zone by comparing the size and distribution of the abnormal signal area demonstrated by MR imaging with the infarct area revealed by pathological examination in a reperfused myocardial infarction cat model. Materials and Methods: In eight cats, the left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 90 minutes, and this was followed by 90 minutes of reperfusion. ECG-triggered breath-hold turbo spin-echo T2-weighted MR images were initially obtained along the short axis of the heart before the administration of contrast media. After the injection of Gadomer-17 and Gadophrin-2, contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR images were obtained for three hours. The size of the abnormal signal area seen on each image was compared with that of the infarct area after TTC staining. To assess ultrastructural changes in the myocardium at the infarct area, lateral border zone and normal myocardium, electron microscopic examination was performed. Results: The high signal area seen on T2-weighted images and the enhanced area seen on Gadomer-17-enhanced T1WI were larger than the enhanced area on Gadophrin-2-enhanced T1WI and the infarct area revealed by TTC staining; the difference was expressed as a percentage of the size of the total left ventricle mass (T2= 39.2 %; Gadomer-17 =37.25 % vs Gadophrin-2 = 29.6 %; TTC staining = 28.2 %; p < 0.05). The ultrastructural changes seen at the lateral border zone were compatible with reversible myocardial damage. Conclusion: In a reperfused myocardial infarction cat model, the presence and size of the lateral border zone can be determined by means of Gadomer-17- and Gadophrin-2-enhanced MR imaging.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제2권5호
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• pp.617-628
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• 1998

In order to understand the pathogenetic mechanism of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the role of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in association with oxidative stress was investigated in rats. $Interleukin-1{\alpha}\;(IL-1,\;50\;{\mu}g/rat)$ was used to induce acute lung injury by neutrophilic respiratory burst. Five hours after IL-1 insufflation into trachea, microvascular integrity was disrupted, and protein leakage into the alveolar lumen was followed. An infiltration of neutrophils was clearly observed after IL-1 treatment. It was the origin of the generation of oxygen radicals causing oxidative stress in the lung. IL-1 increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, but mepacrine, a PLA2 inhibitor, did not change the levels of these cytokines. Although IL-1 increased PLA2 activity time-dependently, mepacrine inhibited the activity almost completely. Activation of PLA2 elevated leukotriene C4 and B4 (LTC4 and LTB4), and 6-keto-prostaglandin $F2{\alpha}\;(6-keto-PGF2{\alpha})$ was consumed completely by respiratory burst induced by IL-1. Mepacrine did not alter these changes in the contents of lipid mediators. To estimate the functional changes of alveolar barrier during the oxidative stress, quantitative changes of pulmonary surfactant, activity of gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), and ultrastructural changes were examined. IL-1 increased the level of phospholipid in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, which seemed to be caused by abnormal, pathological release of lamellar bodies into the alveolar lumen. Mepacrine recovered the amount of surfactant up to control level. IL-1 decreased GGT activity, while mepacrine restored it. In ultrastructural study, when treated with IL-1, marked necroses of endothelial cells and type II pneumocytes were observed, while mepacrine inhibited these pathological changes. In histochemical electron microscopy, increased generation of oxidants was identified around neutrophils and in the cytoplasm of type II pneumocytes. Mepacrine reduced the generation of oxidants in the tissue produced by neutrophilic respiratory burst. In immunoelectron microscopic study, PLA2 was identified in the cytoplasm of the type II pneumocytes after IL-1 treatment, but mepacrine diminished PLA2 particles in the cytoplasm of the type II pneumocyte. Based on these experimental results, it is suggested that PLA2 plays a pivotal role in inducing acute lung injury mediated by IL-1 through the oxidative stress by neutrophils. By causing endothelial damage, functional changes of pulmonary surfactant and alveolar type I pneumocyte, oxidative stress disrupts microvascular integrity and alveolar barrier.