• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.282-290
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• 1995

Subcutaneous fat thickness of 74 young male was measured at six sites(biceps, triceps, subscapula, suprailiac, abdomen, thigh). The present study compared caliper with ultrasound measurements for the estimation of body fat. Caliper measurements subcutaneous at six sites had higher coefficient variation than did the ultrasound measures. Caliper measurements subcutaneous at six sites had higher ratio (caliper/ultrasound) than did the ultrasound measures. Compared to other body sites, the correlations between caliper and ultrasound measurements were high for the subscapula(r=0.7327), abdomen(r=0.7355) and thigh (r=0.7207) sites. the correlations between caliper and ultrasound measurements were high for the suprailiac(r=0.6616) site by lean group. the correlations between caliper and ultrasound measurements were high for the abdomen(r=0.7636) site by normal group. The correlations between caliper and ultrasound measurements were high for the subscapula (r=0.8959) and abdomen(r=0.8237) sites by obese group. Ultrasound measurement of biceps(r=-0.4459), abdomen9r=-0.4469), thigh(r=-0.4348) had the highest correlation with body density. Caliper measurement of triceps(r=-0.4017), subscapula(r=-0.4454), abdomen(r=-0.4293) had the highest correlation with body density. Ultasound measurements subcutaneous fat at lean group, obese group had higher coefficients of correlation with body density than did the caliper measurement. Caliper measurements subcutaneous fat at normal group had higher coefficients of correlation with body density than did the ultrasound measures. Ultrasound showed to be superior to the caliper technique in measuring subcutaneous fat of obese persons.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.66 no.8
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• pp.1272-1277
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• 2017

To assist radiologists for the characterization of breast masses, Computer-aided Diagnosis(CADx) system has been studied. The CADx system can improve the diagnostic accuracy of radiologists by providing objective information about breast masses. Morphological and texture features were extracted from the breast ultrasound images. Based on extracted features, the CADx system retrieves masses that are similar to a query mass from a reference library using a k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) approach. Eight similarity measures of distance, Euclidean, Chebyshev(Minkowski family), Canberra, Lorentzian($F_2$ family), Wave Hedges, Motyka(Intersection family), and Cosine, Dice(Inner Product family) are evaluated by ROC(Receiver Operating Characteristic) analysis. The Inner Product family measure used with the k-NN classifier provided slightly higher performance for classification of malignant and benign masses than those with the Minkowski, $F_2$, and Intersection family measures.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.457-463
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• 2014

Ultrasound measurements of backfat thickness (UBF), longissimus muscle area (ULMA) and marbling score (UMS) and carcass measurements of carcass weight (CW), backfat thickness (BF), longissimus muscle area (LMA), and marbling score (MS) on 7,044 Hanwoo steers were analyzed to estimate genetic parameters. Data from Hanwoo steers that were raised, finished in Hoengseong-gun, Gangwon-do (province) and shipped to slaughter houses during the period from October 2010 to April 2013 were evaluated. Ultrasound measurements were taken at approximately three months before slaughter by an experienced operator using a B-mode real-time ultrasound device (HS-2000, FHK Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) with a 3.5 MHz linear probe. Ultrasound scanning was on the left side between 13th rib and the first lumbar vertebrae. All slaughtering processes and carcass evaluations were performed in accordance with the guidelines of beef grading system of Korea. To estimate genetic parameters, multiple trait animal models were applied. Fixed effects included in the models were: the effects of farm, contemporary group effects (year-season at the time of ultrasound scanning in the models for UBF, ULMA, and UMS, and year-season at slaughter in the models for CW, BF, LMA, and MS), the effects of ultrasound technicians as class variables and the effects of the age in days at ultrasound scanning or at slaughtering as linear covariates, respectively for ultrasound and carcass measures. Heritability estimates obtained from our analyses were 0.37 for UBF, 0.13 for ULMA, 0.27 for UMS, 0.44 for CW, 0.33 for BF, 0.36 for LMA and 0.54 MS, respectively. Genetic correlations were strongly positive between corresponding traits of ultrasound and carcass measures. Genetic correlation coefficient between UBF and BF estimate was 0.938, between ULMA and LMA was 0.767 and between UMS and MS was 0.925. These results suggest that ultrasound measurement traits are genetically similar to carcass measurement traits.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.247-253
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• 2012

Ultrasound measures of back fat thickness (UBF), eye muscle area (UEMA) and marbling score (UMS) and carcass measures of carcass weight (CW), backfat thickness (BF), eye muscle area (EMA) and marbling score (MS) were available on 26,129 Hanwoo steers. Statistically significant differences by regions of the farms location and birth years-seasons for the steers taken ultrasound measures and their carcass measures (p<0.01) were found. Steers in Gyeonggi province showed the highest values in ultrasound measures and carcass traits except in BF compared to steers in the other provinces. Comparing between ultrasound and carcass measures, UBF was thicker in general than BF in all regions except in Daejeon city. UEMA was higher than EMA in all regions except in Gyeonggior in Jeju provinces. Especially, the difference in Jeonnam province between UEMA and EMA was $7cm^2$ while the differences between UMS and MS ranged from 0.9 to 2.26 depending on the regions of steers located. Steers born in spring showed greater ultrasound or carcass values than those born in autumn. However, carcass measures of steers born in autumn were greater than those born in spring, 2009 except MS. The pearson and residual correlations were 0.63 and 0.65 between UBF and BF, 0.31 and 0.32 between UEMA and EMA and 0.56 and 0.56 between UMS and MS, respectively.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.351-356
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• 2005

Respiration measurement method using an ultrasound sensor is influenced very little by an error of inertia and pressure. This device measures the amount and flow of respiration using a delivery speed difference of the ultrasound waves that are a return format by the pneumatic stream that is a flogging of ultrasound waves during transmission and receipt as having used a characteristic of ultrasound waves. This paper examines improving the sensor's sensitivity during transmission and receipt of the signal. Because the measurement must be performed on patients, clinicians need to be sure that it is accurately measuring even very weak breathing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2004.05b
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• pp.269-272
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• 2004

The respiration measurement method using the ultrasound sensor hardly gets an influence of an error of inertia and pressure and it is a respiratory detection device available semi-permanently. This device measures the amount and flow of respiration through using a delivery speed difference of the ultrasound waves that are a return format by the pneumatic stream that is a flogging of ultrasound waves during transmission and receipt as having used a characteristic of ultrasound waves. In this paper, it improved sensitivity of a signal to happen during transmission and receipt of a sensor because measurement must be performed with a patient to the center and measurement was played in a weak breathing so that it was possible.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1696-1702
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of body weight growth adjustment methods on genetic parameters of body growth and tissue among three pig breeds. Data collected on 101,820 Landrace, 281,411 Yorkshire, and 78,068 Duroc pigs, born in Korean swine breeder farms since 2000, were analyzed. Records included body weights on test day and amplitude (A)-mode ultrasound carcass measures of backfat thickness (BF), eye muscle area (EMA), and retail cut percentage (RCP). Days to 90 kg body weight (DAYS90), through an adjustment of the age based on the body weight at the test day, were obtained. Ultrasound measures were also pre-adjusted (ABF, EMA, AEMA, ARCP) based on their test day measures. The (co)variance components were obtained with 3 multi-trait animal models using the REMLF90 software package. Model I included DAYS90 and ultrasound traits, whereas model II and III accounted DAYS90 and pre-adjusted ultrasound traits. Fixed factors were sex (sex) and contemporary groups (herd-year-month of birth) for all traits among the models. Additionally, model I and II considered a linear covariate of final weight on the ultrasound measure traits. Heritability ($h^2$) estimates for DAYS90, BF, EMA, and RCP ranged from 0.36 to 0.42, 0.34 to 0.43, 0.20 to 0.22, and 0.39 to 0.45, respectively, among the models. The $h^2$ estimates of DAYS90 from model II and III were also somewhat similar. The $h^2$ for ABF, AEMA, and ARCP were 0.35 to 0.44, 0.20 to 0.25, and 0.41 to 0.46, respectively. Our heritability estimates varied mostly among the breeds. The genetic correlations ($r_G$) were moderately negative between DAYS90 and BF (-0.29 to -0.38), and between DAYS90 and EMA (-0.16 to -0.26). BF had strong $r_G$ with RCP (-0.87 to -0.93). Moderately positive $r_G$ existed between DAYS90 and RCP (0.20 to 0.28) and between EMA and RCP (0.35 to 0.44) among the breeds. For DAYS90, model II and III, its correlations with ABF, AEMA, and ARCP were mostly low or negligible except the $r_G$ between DAYS90 and AEMA from model III (0.27 to 0.30). The $r_G$ between AEMA and ABF and between AEMA and ARCP were moderate but with negative and positive signs, respectively; also reflected influence of pre-adjustments. However, the $r_G$ between BF and RCP remained non-influential to trait pre-adjustments or covariable fits. Therefore, we conclude that ultrasound measures taken at a body weight of about 90 kg as the test final should be adjusted for body weight growth. Our adjustment formulas, particularly those for BF and EMA, should be revised further to accommodate the added variation due to different performance testing endpoints with regard to differential growth in body composition.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.2E
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• pp.64-72
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• 2010

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease characterized by two factors: reduced bone mass and microstructure disruption of bone tissue. These symptoms increase bone fragility and can contribute to eventual fracture. In recent years, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) technologies have played a growing role in the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Most of the commercial bone sonometers measure speed of sound and/or broadband ultrasound attenuation at peripheral skeletal sites. However, QUS parameters are purely empirical measures that have not yet been firmly linked to physical parameters, such as bone strength or porosity, and the underlying physics for their variations in cancellous bone is not well understood yet. This paper reviews the QUS technologies for the diagnosis of osteoporosis and also addresses several theoretical models, such as the Biot model, the scattering model, the stratified model, and the modified Biot-Attenborough model, for ultrasonic wave propagation in bone.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.204-209
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• 2005

The respiration measurement method using the ultrasound sensor hardly gets an influence of an error of inertia and pressure and it is a respiratory detection device available semi-permanently. This device measures the amount and flow of respiration through using a delivery speed difference of the ultrasound waves that are a return format by the pneumatic stream that is a flogging of ultrasound waves during transmission and receipt as having used a characteristic of ultrasound waves. In this paper, it improved sensitivity of a signal to happen during transmission and receipt of a sensor because measurement must be performed with a patient to the center and measurement was played in a weak breathing so that it was possible.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2006

PURPOSE: Previous studies have documented the lack of ultrasound's non-thermal effects on nerve conduction using frequencies of 1 MHz and 870 kHz. The purpose of this study was to determine the biophysical effects of continuous ultrasound on median local forearm temperature and motor nerve conduction velocities using frequencies of 3.0 MHz. SUBJECTS: Twelve healthy subjects (6 males, 6 females, age $22.30{\pm}2.41$ yrs, weight $61.33{\pm}10.16$ kg, height $167.58{\pm}8.04$ cm) without a history of neurological or musculoskeletal injury to their dominant arm volunteered for this study. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Each subject received a total of five treatments, one each at .0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 W/$cm^2$ of 3 MHz continuous ultrasound on the anterior surface of the middle area of dominant forearm for 10 minutes. Dependent measures for forearm local temperature and median motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) were taken pretreatment and immediately post-treatment. One-way ANOVA were used for each dependent measure. RESULTS: The posttreatment forearm local temperature were differed significantly (p<0.001) between intensities of ultrasound. The posttreatment forearm local temperature of the ultrasound treated with 1.0 w/$cm^2$, 1.5 w/$cm^2$ and 2.0 w/$cm^2$ were significantly higher than 0.5 w/$cm^2$ and 0.0 w/$cm^2$ of ultrasound (p<0.05). The posttreatment median MNCV were differed significantly from the respective pretreatment velocities (p<0.001). The MNCV of the ultrasound treated with 0.0 w/$cm^2$ and 0.5 w/$cm^2$ were significantly (p<0.05) slower than that observed pretreatment, while the three ultrasound intensities produced significantly increased posttreatment MNCV: 1.0 w/$cm^2$ and 1.5 w/$cm^2$ and 2.0 W/$cm^2$. The posttreatment MNCV at 2.0 w/$cm^2$ and 1.5 w/$cm^2$ was significantly faster than that at 0 w/$cm^2$, 0.5 w/$cm^2$ and 1.0 w/$cm^2$ (p<0.05), the MNCV at 1.0 w/$cm^2$ was significantly faster than that associated with 0 w/$cm^2$ and 0.5 w/$cm^2$ of ultrasound (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The decreased median motor forearm local temperature and MNCV of the ultrasound treated with 0.0 w/$cm^2$ and 0.5 w/$cm^2$ were attributed to the cooling effect by ultrasound transmission gel. Local forearm temperature and nerve conduction velocity were directly related to the intensity of ultrasound. Alterations in MNCV from ultrasound on healthy nerves appeared to be related to temperature changes induced by thermal effects of ultrasound.