• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.128-137
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• 1999

Plasma progesterone (P$_4$) concentrations were measured for confirming the estrus observation and for the early pregnancy diagnosis in 130 cows of small farmers. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed from day 30 after artificial insemination to establish the characteristic ultrasonographic appearances of gestational structures in each pregnant stages. Of the 130 cows inseminated, 111 cows (85.4%) were an ovulatory estrus, 12 cows (9.2%) were an unovulatory estrus, and 7 cows (5.4%) were the error of estrus detection, respectively. The accuracy for early pregnancy diagnosis in 111 ovulatory estrus cows achieved when the discriminatory concentration at day 21 after artificial insemination was placed at 3.0 ng-/ml in plasma, was 86.7 % for positive diagnosis and 100% for negative diagnosis, respectively. Pregnancy diagnosis by ultrasonography were performed to evaluate gestational structures from day 30 after artificial insemination in 83 cows. Pregnant cows were 72 of 83 cows. The characteristic ultrasonography of gestational structures in each gestational stages was as follows. The embryo proper was observed within anechoic fetal fluid between 28 and 40 days after insemination, and amnion and embryonic heartbeat was also detected in this period. Between days 41 and 50, embryo proper was detected as an discriminated from head and body, and forelimb buds and hindlimb buds were also observed in this period. Between days 51 and 60, an embryo proper was clearly discriminated from head and body, and fetal movement, forelimb buds and hindlimb buds were observed in this period. Between days 61 and 70, fetus was completely developed, and fetal skeleton, organs and cotyledon were observed. After day 71, each organs of fetus were rapidly developed and a fetus was partially observed in screen because fetus was too big and larger, These results indicate that plasma P$_4$ determination at days 0,6 and 21 after artificial insemination can be utilized for confirming the estrus observation and for early pregnancy diagnosis. Also, ultrasonography was reliable method for early pregnancy diagnosis at day 30 after artificial insemination.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.232-235
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• 2013

Objective : Major complaints of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) are sensory components. However, motor deficit also impedes functional status of hand. Contrary to evaluation of sensory function, the objective, quantitative evaluation of median nerve motor function is not easy. The motor function of median was evaluated quantitatively using load cell and its correlation with findings of electrodiagnostic study (EDS) was evaluated. Methods : Objective motor function of median nerve was evaluated by load cell and personal computer-based measurement system. All of the measurement was done in patients diagnosed as having idiopathic CTS by clinical features and EDS findings. The strength of thumb abduction and index finger flexion was measured in each hand three times, and the average value was used to calculate thumb index ratio (TIR). The correlation of TIR with clinical, EDS, and ultrasonographic findings were evaluated. Results : The TIR was evaluated in 67 patients (119 hands). There were 14 males and 53 females, mean age were 57.6 years (range 28 to 81). The higher preoperative nerve conductive studies grade of the patients, the lower TIR was observed [p<0.001, analysis of variance (ANOVA)]. TIR of cases with thenar atrophy were significantly lower than those without (p<0.001, t-test). TIR were significantly lower in patients with severe median nerve swelling in ultrasonography (p=0.042, ANOVA). Conclusion : Measurements of median nerve motor function using load cell is a valuable evaluation tool in CTS. It might be helpful in detecting subclinical motor dysfunction before muscle atrophy develops.

• 대한정형외과 초음파학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.118-122
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• 2012

연부조직 이물질의 존재를 확인하기 위해서는 병력과 함께 초음파 검사가 중요하다. 저자들은 질 누공으로 인한 내전근 근염 환자에서 초음파 검사를 통해 이물질(경폐쇄공 띠)을 발견하고, 수술 시 초음파 유도 하에 이를 제거 후 증상이 호전된 환자를 경험하였다. 연부 조직에 원인이 불명확한 염증소견이 지속될 때 그 원인으로 이물질 존재 가능성을 염두에 두어야 하며, 주변 조직의 염증 변화로 인해 자기공명영상으로 찾기 어려운 작은 섬유성 이물의 경우 초음파가 진단과 제거에 유용하게 사용될 수 있다.

• 대한정형외과 초음파학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.26-30
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• 2015

정형외과적 영역에서 족부 족관절 부의의 손상은 흔한 문제이다. 비록 손상들이 생명을 위협하지는 않지만 정확한 진단이나 치료가 지연됐을 시에는 하지의 기능에 장애를 유발 할 수 있으므로 정확한 진단이 장기간의 합병증을 예방 할 수 있다. 초음파는 비용-효과면에서 우수하고 방사선 피폭의 염려가 없으며 연부 조직의 검사에 유용하고 역동적 검사를 시행할 수 있어서 아킬레스건 파열에서 그 유용성이 증가하고 있다. 초음파 영상은 아킬레스건 파열의 진단적 도구이다. 영상의학적 검사 없이 아킬레스건 파열을 진단하기 위해서는 신체 검사와 환자의 병력에 필요하지만 개인 의원에서는 약 20%에서 파열을 놓지는 것으로 알려져 있다. 초음파 영상 하에서 정상적인 섬유 구조의 단절이 아킬레스건 파열의 진단이 되며 실시간으로 족배 굴곡 및 족저 굴곡을 함으로써 단절이 더 확대되는 것을 관찰 할 수 있다. 그리고 수술 후나 보존적인 치료를 시행하는 경우에도 추시 관찰 기간 동안 지속적으로 초음파를 통해 건의 상태를 관찰할 수 있는 유용한 도구이다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.217-228
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• 2016

The musculoskeletal system is mainly composed of the bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments, in addition to nerves and blood vessels. The greatest difficulty in an ultrasonographic freeze-frame created by the examiner is recognition of the targeted structures without indicators, since an elephant's trunk may not be easily distinguished from its leg. It is not difficult to find descriptive ultrasonographic terms used for educational purposes, which help in distinguishing features of these structures either in a normal or abnormal anatomic condition. However, the terms sometimes create confusion when describing common objects, for example, in Western countries, pears have a triangular shape, but in Asia they are round. Skilled experts in musculoskeletal ultrasound have tried to express certain distinguishing features of anatomic landmarks using terms taken from everyday objects which may be reminiscent of that particular feature. This pictorial review introduces known signature patterns of distinguishing features in musculoskeletal ultrasound in a normal or abnormal condition, and may stir the beginners' interest to play a treasure-hunt game among unfamiliar images within a boundless ocean.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제58권8호
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• pp.294-300
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• 2015

Purpose: It is difficult to differentiate between central precocious puberty (CPP) and premature thelarche (PT) in girls. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic usefulness of pelvic ultrasonography to distinguish between CPP and PT in girls with early breast development. Methods: This study included girls with early breast development who visited the clinic between January 2012 and December 2013. Clinical, laboratory, and pelvic ultrasonographic data were evaluated. CPP and PT were confirmed using the gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test. Results: A total of 248 girls aged 7-8 years were included, among whom 186 (75.0%) had CPP and 62 (25.0%) had PT. The uterine length, transverse diameter, fundus, volume, and cross-sectional area were significantly larger in the CPP group (uterine length, $2.45{\pm}0.50cm$ vs. $2.63{\pm}0.49cm$, P=0.015; uterine volume, $0.95{\pm}0.62cm^3$ vs. $1.35{\pm}0.76cm^3$, P<0.001). However, there were no differences in the fundus/cervix ratio and ovarian measurements. In receiver operating characteristic analysis, a uterine volume of at least $1.07cm^3$ was the most predictive parameter for CPP with an area under the curve of 0.670 (95% confidence interval, 0.593-0.747). Conclusion: Uterine measurements by pelvic ultrasonography in girls with early pubertal development were significantly larger in the CPP group. However, the diagnostic value of ultrasonographic parameters was not high because of a considerable overlap of values between the two groups. Therefore, pelvic ultrasonography in combination with clinical and laboratory tests may be useful to distinguish between CPP and PT in girls.

• 대한정형외과 초음파학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.38-46
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• 2010

고관절에 위치한 골, 관절 및 주위 연부 조직의 병변은 고관절의 통증을 유발할 수 있다. 이를 진단하기 위해 기초적인 이학적 검사와 단순 방사선 검사를 시행하고, 경우에 따라 CT, MRI 등을 이용하였다. 그러나 건과 점액낭 등의 연부조직 병변 대해서는 초음파 검사가 비침습적이고 역동적인 검사가 가능하고, 고관절에 대한 수술 후 추시 검사 수단으로도 사용할 수 있다. 그러나 성인의 고관절은 심부에 위치하여 그 검사가 힘들고 비만인 환자에게는 적용하기 힘든 경우도 있다. 이에 고관절 주위의 구조물들의 정상적 초음파 소견과 고관절 질환의 병적 소견을 알아보고 또한 기타 활용 방안에 대해 설명하였다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.117-123
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• 1993

The condition of the endometrium is an important factor which may influence the success or failure in IVF-ET. This study was undertaken for evaluation of the value of endometrial growth as an early predictor for the success of IVF. Ultrasonographic endometrial measurement were performed in 43 IVF cycles that conceived, 101 cycles that did not with an IVF-ET There was no significant difference in the endometrial thickness and the serum concentration of estradiol in the pregnant versus nonpregnant group(10.4 vs. 9.9 mm: 2348 vs. 2017 pg/ml no hCG administration day). No correlation was found between the ultrasound image and serum estradiol levels around the time of hCG administration(r=0.54, p=0.13 no Day 2; r=0.45, p=0.14 no Day 1). The duration of gonadotropin treatment, number of follicles, number of oocytes retrieved, and fertilization rate were not statistically different in the two groups, however, there was a significant difference in the number of embryos in the pregnant versus nonpregnant group)p< 0.05). A higher pregnancy rate and ongoing pregnancy rate occured with an endometrial thickness over 11 mm compared with below 7mm(p< 0.05, p< 0.005). however, no significant differences were noted in the implantation rate and abortion rate among the groups that classified according to their endmetrial thickness. The endometrial growth(${\Delta}$) from hCG administration day(DO) to D6 was greater in the women who achieved pregnancy than in the nonpregnant group(p< 0.01). There were no significant differences in serum estradiol levels, implantation rate, pregnancy rate, and abortion rate among the groups that classified according to the pattern of echogenesity of endometrium, however, significantly higher ongoing pregnancy rate was noted in group A, B compared with group C.(p< 0.0001, p< 0.001) These results suggest that there were no ultrasonographically detectable differences in the patterns of endometrial growth and development around the time of hCG administration in patients who conceive versus those that do not in IVF-ET.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.117-122
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• 2004

Diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children is sometimes difficult. The aim of this study is to validate a clinical scoring system and ultrasonography for the early diagnosis and treatment of appendicitis in childhood. This is a prospective study on 59 children admitted with abdominal pain at St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea from July 2002 to August 2003. We applied Madan Samuel's Pediatric Appendicitis Score (PAS) based on preoperative history, physical examination, laboratory finding and ultrasonography. This study was designed as follows: patients with score 5 or less were observed regardless of the positive ultrasonographic finding, patients with score 6 and 7 were decided according to the ultrasonogram and patients above score 8 were operated in spite of negative ultrasonographic finding. The patients were divided into two groups, appendicitis (group A) and non-appendicitis groups (group B). Group A consisted of 36 cases and Group B, 23 cases. Mean score of group A was 8.75 and group B was 6.13 (p<0.001). Comparing the diagnostic methods in acute appendicitis by surveying sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy, PAS gave 1.0000, 0.3043, 0.6923, 1.0000, and 0.7288, and ultrasonography gave 0.7778, 0.9130, 0.9333, 0.7241, and 0.8300 while the combined test gave 1.0000, 0.8696, 0.9231, 1.0000, and 0.9490, respectively. Negative laparotomy rate was 3 %. In conclusion, the combination of PAS and ultrasonography is a more accurate diagnostic tool than either PAS or ultrasonography.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.417-421
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• 2009

4, 8, 12, 20 주령의 미성숙 미니돼지에서 방사선과 초음파를 이용하여 복부 주요 장기의 형태학적 특징을 살펴보았다. 방사선 검사는 전반적인 장기의 형태를 확인하는 데 이용되는 가장 기본적이고 단순한 방법이다. 기본 복부방사선 사진에서 이용되는 평가해야 할 항목들은 우선 전반적인 복부세부음영의 정도, 간, 위, 비장, 신장, 방광, 장들의 위치, 크기, 형태, 변연, 후복강 평가이다. 초음파 검사는 이러한 주요 장기들의 내부 실질을 평가하는 데 주로 사용된다. 미니돼지는 개와 고양이와 비교했을 때 유사한 소견을 가진 것을 확인하였다.