• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.351-372
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro effects of the loss of tooth substance and root surface changes following root planing with various periodontal instruments. The 39 extracted human teeth due to severe periodontal disease were included. The total 50 root surfaces of 30 teeth were root planed with following instruments : Group 1, with Gracey curette, Group 2, with ultrasonic scaler, Group 3, with rotating root planing bur, Group 4, with Gracey curette plus rubber cup polishing, and Group 5, with ultrasonic scaler plus rubber cup polishing. Following root planing, the amount of tooth substance loss was evaluated by measuring the weight of the removed tooth substance and then 5 specimens ($5{\times}5{\times}2mm$) were randomly selected from the each group for roughness measurement. Root planed areas of each specimen were subjected to five measurements using the Profilometer and an average surface roughness values(Ra) for each group was obtained. Statistical difference for roughness values of each group was analyzed using oneway ANOVA and student t-test. For scanning electron microscopic(SEM) examination of root surface changes following root planing, 15 root surfaces of remaining 9 teeth were root planed and 3 specimens were randomly selected. The mean loss of tooth substance removed was Group 1, $7.0{\pm}1.09mg$, Group 2, $1.3{\pm}1.00mg$, Group 3, $5.8{\pm}1.72mg$, Group 4, $8.7{\pm}1.34mg$, and Group 5, $4.5{\pm}1.68mg$ following root palning, respectively. These results indicate that curette is effective instrument in the respect of diseased root substance removal. The average surface roughness values are following results : Group 1 and Group 4 were the smoothest surface ($Ra=0.34{\pm}0.06{\mu}m$, $Ra=0.34{\pm}0.04{\mu}m$, respectively) and Group 2 was the roughest surface ($Ra=2.09{\pm}0.06{\mu}m$). Statistical analysis of roughness values demonstrated a highly significant difference (P<0.05) between each experimental groups. However, no statistically significant difference in roughness values were observed between the Group 1 and Group 4. The results in this study suggest that curette and/or polishing procedure should be done after root planing with ultrasonic scaler and caution should be used with dia-mond-coated bur during routine root planing procedure.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.56 no.8
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• pp.432-436
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• 2018

Dental caries and periodontitis are the major concerns of oral disease to human, and its etiologic factor is dental biofilm. The aim of this study is to discuss the clinical application method and the meaning of dental biofilm control in the disabled patients. Generally, ultrasonic scaler are likely to generate excessive stimulus to the disabled patients. Rubber cup application using Ni-Ti engine could remove dental biofilm more comfortably to the disabled patients.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.139-145
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• 2012

PURPOSE. To evaluate the shear bond strength of resin luting agent to dentin surfaces cleansed with different agents like pumice, ultrasonic scaler with chlorhexidine gluconate, EDTA and the influence of these cleansing methods on wetting properties of the dentin by Axisymmetric drop Shape Analysis - Contact Diameter technique (ADSA-CD). MATERIALS AND METHODS. Forty coronal portions of human third molar were prepared until dentin was exposed. Specimens were divided into two groups: Group A and Group B. Provisional restorations made with autopolymerizing resin were luted to dentin surface with zinc oxide eugenol in Group A and with freegenol cement in Group B. All specimens were stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24 hrs and provisional cements were mechanically removed with explorer and rinsed with water and cleansed using various methods (Control-air-water spray, Pumice prophylaxis, Ultrasonic scaler with 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, 17% EDTA). Contact angle measurements were performed to assess wettability of various cleansing agents using the ADSA-CD technique. Bond strength of a resin luting agent bonded to the cleansed surface was assessed using Instron testing machine and the mode of failure noted. SEM was done to assess the surface cleanliness. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance with Tukey HSD tests (${\alpha}$=.05). RESULTS. Specimens treated with EDTA showed the highest shear bond strength and the lowest contact angle for both groups. SEM showed that EDTA was the most effective solution to remove the smear layer. Also, mode of failure seen was predominantly cohesive for both EDTA and pumice prophylaxis. CONCLUSION. EDTA was the most effective dentin cleansing agent among the compared groups.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2018

Background: Respiration monitoring is necessary during sedation for dental treatment. Recently, acoustic respiration rate ($RRa^{TM}$), an acoustics-based respiration monitoring method, has been used in addition to auscultation or capnography. The accuracy of this method may be compromised in an environment with excessive noise. This study evaluated whether noise from the ultrasonic scaler affects the performance of RRa in respiratory rate measurement. Methods: We analyzed data from 49 volunteers who underwent scaling under intravenous sedation. Clinical tests were divided into preparation, sedation, and scaling periods; respiratory rate was measured at 2-s intervals for 3 min in each period. Missing values ratios of the RRa during each period were measuerd; correlation analysis and Bland-Altman analysis were performed on respiratory rates measured by RRa and capnogram. Results: Respective missing values ratio from RRa were 5.62%, 8.03%, and 23.95% in the preparation, sedation, and scaling periods, indicating an increased missing values ratio in the scaling period (P < 0.001). Correlation coefficients of the respiratory rate, measured with two different methods, were 0.692, 0.677, and 0.562 in each respective period. Mean capnography-RRa biases in Bland-Altman analyses were -0.03, -0.27, and -0.61 in each respective period (P < 0.001); limits of agreement were -4.84-4.45, -4.89-4.15, and -6.18-4.95 (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The probability of missing respiratory rate values was higher during scaling when RRa was used for measurement. Therefore, the use of RRa alone for respiration monitoring during ultrasonic scaling may not be safe.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.5 s.58
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• pp.613-622
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• 1996

The purposes of this study were to evaluate and compare the frequency of ceramic bracket fracture, frequency of enamel fracture, bond fracture site, adhesive remnant index after mechanical and electrothermal debracketing, to evaluate effectiveness of high and low speed rotary instrument and ultrasonic instrument during residual adhesive remnants removal, and to measure resin film surface(percentage) using by image analyser(Leco 300). Bond fracture site, bracket fracture, and enamel surface damage were examined by scanning electron microscope. The following results were obained : 1. In the mechanical debracketing group, the bond failed predominantly at enamel-adhesive interface with the bulk of adhesive remaining on bracket base. 2. In the eletrothermal debracketing group, the bond failed predominantly at adhesive-bracket interface with the bulk of adhesive remaining on enamel surface. 3. The most effectiveness of residual resin removal was obtained by means of the resin polishing bur and the order of scratch formation was the procedure using tungsten carbide bur, ultrasonic scaler, sof-lex disc, and polishing bur. 4. The order of the resin film surface percentage was ultrasonic scaler, tungsten carbide bur, sof-lex disc, and resin polishing bur.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.547-556
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the infection control education experiences of dental hygienists and the state of their infection control. Methods : The subjects in this study were the dental hygienists who worked in Seoul. The relationship of their infection control education experiences to their gender, marital status, academic credential, workplace, length of service, infection control implementation, experience of being exposed to infection, way of coping with it, hand washing, use of personal protection devices and equipment management was analyzed. Results : It is found that the variable to affect the state of infection control was educational experiences about handpiece water pipe management, ultrasonic scaler water pipe management and three-way syringe water pipe management. Conclusions : Dental hygienists who are one of major dental personnels should receive systematic education on infection control to acquire accurate knowledge to ensure the successful prevention of cross infection.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.20-20
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• 2009

치아의 치석제거 및 치골절삭에 사용되는 초음파 스케일러는 일반적으로 마그넷형과 압전형으로 구분할 수 있으며, 최근에 들어 소형화, 저전력, 정밀성, 저비용 등의 장점으로 인해 압전형이 주로 사용되고 있다. 국내의 대부분의 치과에서 한 대 이상 운용되는 초음파 스케일러는 대부분 유럽 제품으로며, 국내에서는 이를 대체하기 위한 제품이 출시되고 있으나 아직까지 유럽 제품에 비해 출력강도, 정밀도 등에서 성능이 모자란 현실로 시장에서 외면 받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 앞서 언급한 압전 초음파 스케일러에 대한 체계적인 연구를 진행하여 외국에 비해 상대적으로 성능이 떨어지는 초음파 스케일러의 성능을 개선하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 스케일러의 진동 발생부, 즉 압전 세라믹과 SUS 재질의 head, tail 부로 구성된 진동발생부의 최적구조톨 도출하기 위하여 유한요소 해석을 실시하였으며, 스케일러의 중심주파수 28kHz에서 최대 출력이 발생할 수 있는 구조를 도출하였다. 스케일러의 Head 와 Tail 부문의 두께와 직경, 길이 변화에 따른 중심주파수 및 출력 변위의 경향분석을 실시하였으며, 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 실제 스케일러를 제작하여 시뮬레이션의 유효성을 검증하였다. 이상의 과정으로 거쳐 개발된 압전 초음파 스케일러는 다양한 Tip 종류의 영향을 최소화할 수 있으며, 중심주파수는 28~30kHz 에서 뛰어난 성능을 나타내어 기종 유럽제품의 성능을 앞지르는 특성을 확보할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.213-230
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the state of infection control provided to members of Korean Dental Hygienists Association. The subjects in this study were dental hygienists who attended a symposium on July 1. 2006. after a survey was conducted, the answer sheets from 489 participants were analyzed, and the findings of the study were as follows: 1. Possession of disinfection room was being(72.7%), and person of infection control was zero(52.9%). Number of sterilizer was one(62.2%). 2. As a repetition choice, type of sterilizer was autoclave(97.9%), UV sterilizer(67.4%) and EO gas sterilizer(21.4%). As a repetition choice, infection materials was ethanol(84.1%). 3. Water tube of unit and chair was using of sterilized water(42.9%). Sterilizing of compressed air was no(69.0%). 4. Re-using of disposal was not using(62.5%), re-using disposal was suction tip(28.2%)(repetition choice) 5. In sterilization of instruments, hand-piece was every using time(28.4%), and reamer-file, bur, mirror, pincette, explorer, hand scaler and ultrasonic scaler were high in every using time. 6. Individual protection was high of using, cleaning of hands before treatment was every treatment(87.0%). Type of soap was liquid type in dental clinic(48.2%), infection soap in dental hospital(41.2%) and solid soap in public health center(50.6%). Answered that they need regular oral health education, and 82.9% respondents answered that they need oral health technicians in school. And 87.8% respondents needed individual oral health education for the benefit of better oral health.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.337-350
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• 1998

The purpose of this' study was to compare surface roughness and morphologic changes after use of various plaque control devices to titanium implant surfaces. The study materials were 6 ITI titanium implants($Bonefit^{(R)}$) and 5 plaque control devices. 6 implants were divided into 6 different groups and instrumented by each plaque control devices as follows. 1) Group I : untreated control 2) Group II : Titanium curette(Titanium $curette^{(R)}$, 3i) 80 vertical/horizontal strokes 3) Group III : Plastic curette($Implacare^{(R)}$, Hu-Friedy) 80 vertical/horizontal strokes 4) Group N : Plastic tip-ultrasonic scaler($Amdent^{(R)}$, Amdent) 160 seconds 5) Group V : Rotating interdental brush($Identobrush^{(R)}$, Identoflex) 160 seconds 6) Group VI : Abrasive rubber cup polisher($Zircate^{(R)}$, Prophy paste, Dentsply) 160 sec-onds. All specimens were prepared for evaluation by surface roughness tester, optical stereomicroscopy(OM) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The Ra and Rt mean values of the tested specimens were 1) Group I ($Ra=0.170{\pm}0.007{\mu}m$, $Rt=1.297{\pm}0.016{\mu}m$) 2) Group II ($Ra=0.209{\pm}0.006{\mu}m$, $Rt=1.602{\pm}0.110{\mu}m$) 3) Group III ($Ra=0.179{\pm}0.001{\mu}m$, $Rt=1.429{\pm}0.055{\mu}m$) 4) Group IV ($Ra=0.182{\pm}0.005{\mu}m$, $Rt=1.511{\pm}0.085{\mu}m$) 5) Group V ($Ra=0.301{\pm}0.008{\mu}m$, $Rt=1.882{\pm}0.131{\mu}m$) 6) Group VI ($Ra=0.147{\pm}0.010{\mu}m$, $Rt=1.059{\pm}0.021{\mu}m$) In Ra values, experimental group II, V, VI were statistically significant different when compared with control. OM and SEM observation showed that experimental group III, IV were minimal changes when compared with control and group VI was smoothest among other experimental groups. The results suggested that plastic curette and plastic tip-ultrasonic scaler were predictable devices to titanium implant surface.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.177-185
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• 2014

Purpose: This study is designed to investigate the various impacts of different types of scaler tips such as cooper alloy base tip and the others on the surface roughness of teeth and implant by the method which is currently in clinical use. Materials and methods: Four different types of disc shaped porcelain, titanium, zirconia, and Type III gold alloy dental materials sized 15 mm diameter, 1.5 mm thickness were used for the experiment. Plastic hand curette (Group PS), cooper alloy new tip (Group IS), and stainless steel tip (Group SS) were used as testing appliances. A total of 64 specimens were used for this study; Four specimens for each material and appliance group. Surface roughness was formed with 15 degree angle in ultrasonic scaler tip and with 45 degree angle in hand curette of instrument tip and the specimen surface with 5 mm long, one horizontal-reciprocating motion per second for 30 seconds by 40 g force. To survey the surface roughness of each specimen, a field emission scanning electron microscope, an atomic force microscope, and a surface profiler were used. (Ra, ${\mu}m$). Results: According to SEM, most increased surface roughness was observed in SS group while IS groups had minimal roughness change. Measurement by atomic force microscope presented that the surface roughness of SS group was significantly greater than those of PS, IS and control groups in the type III gold alloy group (P<.05). IS group showed lesser surface roughness changes compared to SS group in porcelain and gold alloy group (P<.05). According to surface profiler, surface roughness of SS group showed greater than those of PS, IS and control groups and IS group showed lesser than those of SS group in all specimen groups. Type III gold alloy group had large changes on surface roughness than those of porcelain, titanium, zirconia (P<.05). Conclusion: The result of this study showed that newly developed copper alloy scaler tip can cause minimal roughness impacts on the surface of implant and dental materials; therefore this may be a useful alternative for prophylaxis of implant and restored teeth.