• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.787-796
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• 1996

The biodegradation experiment, the TOD analysis and the element analysis for dispersant, Bunker-A oil and Bunker-B oil were conducted to study the biodegradation characteristics of a mixture of Bunker-A oil with dispersant and a mixture of Bunker-B oil with dispersant in the seawater. The results of biodegradation experiment showed 1mg of dispersant to be equivalent to 0.26 mg of $BOD_5$ and to 0.60 mg of $BOD_{20}$ in the natural seawater. The results of TOD analysis showed each 1 mg of dispersant, Bunker-A oil and Bunker-B oil to be equivalent to 2.37 mg, 2.94 mg and 2.74 mg of TOD, respectively. The results of element analysis showed carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus contents of dispersant to be $82.1\%,\;13.8\%,\;1.8\%\;and\;2.2\%$, respectively. Carbon and hydrogen contents of Bunker-A oil were found to be $73.3\%\;and\;13.5\%$, respectively, and carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents of Bunker-B oil to be $80.4\%,\;12.3\%\;and\;0.7\%$, respectively. Accordingly, the detection of nitrogen and phosphorus in dispersant shows that dispersants should be used with caution in coastal waters, with relation to eutrophication. The biodegradability of dispersant expressed as the ratio of $BOD_5/TOD$ was found to be $11.0\%$. As the mix ratios of dispersant to Bunker-A oil (3 mg/l) and a mixture of Bunker-B oil (3mg/l) were changed from 1 : 10 to 5 : 10, the biodegradabilities of a mixture of Bunker-A oil with dispersant and Bunker-B oil with dispersant increased from $2.1\%\;to\;7.2\%$ and from $1.0\%\;to\;4.4\%$, respectively. Accordingly, the dispersant belongs to the organic matter group of middle-biodegradability while mixtures in the mix ratio range of $1:10\~5:10$ belong to the organic matter group of low-biodegradability. The deoxygenation rate constant $(K_1)$ and ultimate biochemical oxygen demand $(L_0)$ obtained from the biodegradation experiment and Thomas slope method were found to be 0.125/day and 2.487 mg/l for dispersant (4 mg/l), respectively. $K_1\;and\;L_0$, were found to be $0.079\~0.131/day$ and $0.318\~2.052\;mg/l$ for a mixture of Bunker-A oil with dispersant and to be $0.106\~0.371/day$ and $0.262\~1.106\;mg/l$ for a mixture of Bunker-B oil with dispersant, respectively, having $1:10\~5:10$ mix ratios of dispersant to Bunker-A oil and Bunker-B oil. The ultimate biochemical oxygen demands of the mixtures increased as the mix ratio of dispersant to Bunker-A, B oils changed from 1 : 10 to 5 : 10. This suggests that the more dispersants are applied to the sea for the cleanup of Bunker-A oil or Bunker-B oil, the more decreases the dissolved oxygen level in the seawater.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.96-105
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• 2000

Field experiment was performed from August 1996 to December 1999 to examine the performance of constructed wetland system for wastewater treatment in rural area. The constructed wetland system was installed in Konkuk University and the effluent from septic tank of school building was used as an influent to the treatment basin. The treatment basin was composed of sand bed with planted reed. From August 1996 to June 1998 the hydraulic loading rate was fixed with about 15.63cm/day and theoretical detention time was 1.38 days, and from July 1998 to December 1999 the hydraulic loading rate was about 6.25cm/day and theoretical detention time was 3.5days. It worked continuously even during winter time, and the sewage flowed without freezing even when average daily air temperature was below -1$0^{\circ}C$. Average removal rate of BOD , COD, and SS was about 70%, T-P removal rate was about 50.8% , and T-N removal rate was 23.9%. The reason for poor T-N removal might be due to high influent concentration and short retention times. At the later years BOD and COD removal rates were increased , and SS and T-P removal rates did not change significantly , but T-N removal rates were decreased. The effluent of the wetland system often effluent water quality standards for sewage treatment plant, therefore, further treatment would be required if the effluent need to be discharged to the public water. Wetland system involves relatively large land area and could be suitable for rural area. Therefore, utilization of reclaimed sewage for agricultural purpose or subsequent land treatment is recommended as a ultimate disposal of sewage for agricultural purpose or subsequent land treatment is recommended as a ultimate disposal of sewage in rural area.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.519-528
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• 1993

해수중에서 유처리제에 의해 유화${\cdot}$분산된 Bunker-C유의 생분해도와 이로 인해 나타나는 용존산소소비를 연구할 목적으로 국내에서 시판 중인 유처리제 및 국내 연안에 있어 유류오염사고의 주종을 이루고 있는 Bunker-C유에 대한 TOD분석과 원소분석을 행하고, 또한 Bunker-C유/유처리제 혼합물에 대해 천연해수를 이용한 생분해 실험을 행한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 1mg의 Bunker-C유는 3.16mg의 TOD를 나타내는 반면에 1mg의 유처리제는 2.80mg의 TOD값을 나타내었다. 2. Bunker-C유는 $87.3\%$의 탄소와 $11.5\%$의 수소를 함유하였으며, 유처리제는 $76.5\%$의 탄소와 $12.2\%$의 수소를 함유하였다. Bunker-C유와 유처리제 중 어느 시료에서도 질소는 검출되지 않았다. 3. 천연해수 중에서 일정량의 Bunker-C유(4mg/l)에 대하여 유처리제를 $10:1{\sim}10:5$의 혼합비율로 첨가한 Bunker-C유/유처리제 혼합물에 관해서 정리하면, 혼합물의 $BOD_5$는 $0.34{\sim}2.06mg/l$였고 $BOD_{20}$는 $1.05{\sim}5.47mg/l$였다. 또한 혼합비율이 증가함에 따라 혼합물의 BOD는 증가하였다. 혼합물은 생분해도($BOD_5$/TOD)가 $3{\sim}11\%$로서 저율 분해군에 속하였다. 또한 혼합비율이 10:1에서 10:5로 증가함에 따라 혼합물의 생분해도는 $3\%$에서 $11\%$로 증가하였다. 혼합물의 탈산소계수($K_1$)는 $0.072{\sim}0.097/day$였으며, 혼합물의 최종산소요구량($L_o$)은 $1.113mg/l{\sim}6.746mg/l$로서 혼합비율이 증가함에 따라 최종산소요구량도 증가하였다.

• 공업화학
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.690-695
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• 2018

페니실린(PEN) 항생제의 분해를 위하여 오존, 과산화수소, 자외선으로 구성된 고도산화공정(AOP)을 적용하였다. 항생물질 분해효율은 흡광도(ABS) 및 총유기탄소(TOC) 분석으로 평가하였다. $O_3/H_2O_2/UV$와 $O_3/UV$ 조합이 ABS (9 min 동안 100%) 및 TOC 감소(60 min 동안 70%)에 가장 효과가 좋았으나 사용한 실험조건에서 항생제의 무기질화 및 독성제거는 완전하지 않았다. 항생물질에 의한 생독성은 Escherichia coli 민감도 및 Vibrio fischeri 생체형광 활성평가를 이용하였으며 $O_3/UV$에 의해 민감도는 9 min 동안 100% 감소, $O_3/H_2O_2/UV$에 의한 생체형광에 대한 독성은 60 min 동안 57% 감소하였다. 생물학적 분해를 위한 AOP 조합으로 $O_3/UV$ 조합을 선정하였으며 $BOD_5/COD$ 비율로 생분해도의 개선 여부를 간접 측정한 결과 $O_3/UV$로 30 min 처리함으로 $BOD_5/COD$ 비율이 약 4배 증가하였다. 페니실린 20 mg/L를 포함하는 인공폐수에 대하여 AOP 처리 후 Pseudomonas putida를 이용하여 호기적 생물학적 분해를 진행한 결과, $O_3/UV$ 전처리한 경우 페니실린의 완전 무기질화가 가능하였으며 전처리하지 않은 경우에 비하여 분해속도가 55% 증진되었다. 결론으로, 호기성 생물학적 처리를 위한 AOP 전처리로써 $O_3/UV$ 조합이 추천되며 페니실린의 완전 분해를 촉진할 수 있다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.426-432
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• 2000

Field experiment was performed from August 1996 to December 1999 to examine the feasibility of constructed wetland system for sewage treatment in rural areas. A pilot system was installed in Konkuk University and the effluent of septic tank for school building was used as an influent to the wetland treatment basin. The system was composed of sand and reed, and operated continuously including winter time. Average removal rate of about 70% was observed for BOD, COD, and SS, about 50% for T-P, and about 25% for T-N. The reason for poor T-N removal might be due to high loading rate and short retention time. The system demonstrated satisfactory effluent concentration and stable performance in growing season. And it also worked adequately in wintertime even below $10^{\circ}C$ without freezing, and removal was still significant. The amount removed in BOD, COD, and SS was almost the same as in the growing season, and the amount removed in nutrients was about half of the one in growing season. Overall performance of the experimental system was compared with existing data base (NADB, 1994), and it was within the range of general system performance. As study period increased, removal rates for BOD, COD, SS, and T-P were consistently maintained and even enhanced, but removal rate for T-N decreased slightly. Wetland system was thought to be a feasible alternative for sewage treatment in rural area considering its low cost and low maintenance requirement. However, the effluent of the experimental wetland system often exceeded current effluent water quality standards, therefore, further treatment could be required if the effluent should be discharged to public waters. Wetland system of interest locates in rural area and is a part of rural ecosystem, therefore, ultimate disposal of reclaimed sewage for agricultural purpose or subsequent land treatment might be available and further research in this matter is recommended.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.493-501
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• 1993

유처리제의 생분해도와 유처리제가 해수중의 용존산소에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해서 세 제품의 유처리제(SG, GL, WC)와 비이온 계면활성제(OA-5)에 대한 TOD분석, 원소분석 및 해수중에서의 생분해 실험을 행한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 1mg의 유처리제는 $2.37{\sim}2.80mg$의 TOD, 1mg의 비이온 계면활성제는 2.45mg의 TOD를 나타내었다. 2. 유처리제는 탄소가 $67.6{\sim}76.5\%$, 수소가 $10.2{\sim}12.3\%$였고, 비이온 계면활성제는 탄소가 $65.3\%$, 수소가 $10.3\%$였으며 어느 것에서도 질소는 검출되지 않았다. 3. 유처리제는 생분해시 제품에 따라 다소 차이가 있었으나 1mg의 유처리제가 $0.403{\sim}0.595mg$의 $BOD_5$ 및 $0.703{\sim}0.855mg$의 $BOD_{20}$를 유발하였다. 또한 1mg의 비이온 계면활성제는 0.50mg의 $BOD_5$ 및 0.97mg의 $BOD_{20}$를 나타내었다. 4. 해수중에서 탈산소계수($K_1$)는 유처리제(4.0mg/l)의 경우 $0.121{\sim}0.171/day$, 비이온 계면활성제(2.0mg/l)의 경우 0.181/day로 나타났다. 또한 유처리제 1mg의 최종산소요구량($L_o$)은 $0.789{\sim}0.953mg$로서 계면활성제 1mg의 최종산소요구량 0.956mg과 비슷하였으며, Glucose 1mg의 TOD값 1.07mg에 접근하는 값이었다. 5. 해수 중의 생분해도($BOD_5/TOD$)에 있어서, 유처리제는 $17{\sim}21\%$, 비이온 계면활성제는 약 $20\%$로서 모두 중간 분해군에 속하였다.

• 신재생에너지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.30-40
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• 2014

The main object of this study was to offer information about incoming waste in landfill and to evaluate biochemical methane and hydrogen sulfide potentials of landfill wastes. We examined brick, soil, mixed waste (C&D waste and MSW) samples for the study. The leaching experiments showed that BOD, COD and sulfate were determined in the range of 0~18,816 mg/kg, 85~21,100 mg/kg and 160~1,205 mg/kg, respectively in 6hr extraction test. An accumulated extraction tests for 140day were determined BOD 226~197,219 mg/kg, COD 436~242,588 mg/kg and Sulfate 1,090~25,140 mg/kg. Also, BMP (biochemical methane potential) tests were carried out to examine methane and hydrogen sulfide yields for the 3 different wastes. As a result, methane yield was determined to 262.68 mL $CH_4/g$ VS of MSW and 0~17.75 mL $CH_4/g$ VS in brick, soil and C&D waste. Higher hydrogen sulfide yield was observed to 0.079mL $H_2S/g$ VS in C&D waste. This result indicate that brick and soil could be sources of sulfate, and higher production of hydrogen sulfide could be odor problem and inhibitor of methane production.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.537-542
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• 2008

Textile industry has been recognized as an important pollution source due to its consumption of large volumes of water and chemicals. Textile wastewater contains very diverse chemicals in types and composition, among them the presence of dyes is highly visible and undesirable. In spite of these problems, there has not been a proper control for the wastewater because many dyes are difficult to be degraded or decolorized due to their complex structure and synthetic characteristics. This study has been progressed to evaluate more easily the potential decolorization of advanced treatment processes. It has been surveyed with the Y textile complex wastewater treatment plant, the raw wastewater has appeared very difficult biodegradability by 4.7 of $CODcr/BOD_5$ and 1,158.9 degree of color. In view of CODcr fractions, biodegradable COD portion was 46.4%, colloidal COD and real soluble COD was 45.3% and 31.5% each others. From research on unit processes, the degradable coefficient (k) became from 0.065 to $0.125d^{-1}$ by the processes, the decolorization appeared best efficiency by 30.1% (458.4 degree) in pre-ozone process. On the effluent from the biological process, the filterable CODcr became 129.3 mg/L, the biodegradable portion appeared 64.7% (83.6 mg/L), and the fixed dissolved solid (FDS), non-reactivity (NR), appeared very heavy portion by 80.5% (1,659.0 mg/L).

• 유기물자원화
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.90-96
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• 2000

침출수성상은 매립 폐기물, 매립년한 및 매립방식에 따라 상이한 차이를 보이고 있으나 일반적으로 용존성 유기물과 암모니아성 질소의 농도가 높으며, 인의 농도는 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 초기 매립지에서 발생되는 침출수A는 높은 BOD5/COD 비(0.8)를 보였으나 매립이 종료된 매립지에서 발생되는 침출수C는 상대적으로 매우 낮은 BOD5/COD 비(0.1)를 나타내고 있다. 침출수 A, B 및 C의 최대 생화학적 메탄 수율과 혐기성 생분해도는 각각 271,106 및 4 ml CH4/g-COD와 75,30 및 1%로 나타났다. 즉, 초기 매립지에서 발생되는 침출수는 상대적으로 높은 생분해도 특성을 보여 혐기성 처리가 효과적인 것으로 판단되나 매립년한이 오래된 매립지에서 발생하는 침출수는 유기물질이 생물학적으로 분해가 어려운 리그닌, 휴믹 또는 펄빅성의 고분자물질로 주로 구성되어 매우 낮은 혐기성 생분해 특성을 보였다. 침출수농도증가에 따라 미생물의 지체기가 증가하는 경향을 보이며, 특히, 침출수 A의 경우 농도가 25%(v/v) 보다 큰 경우 지체기가 급격히 증가하였다. 이와 같은 결과는 적응되지 않은 미생물을 식종물질로 이용하는 경우 고농도의 침출수를 처리시 장기간의 초기 운전 기간이 소요될 것으로 판단된다. 침출수 농도 50%(v/v) 이상을 첨가한 경우 장기간의 지체기는 50% 미만의 침출수를 첨가한 경우 대부분의 저해물질이 희석되었기 때문으로 판단된다. 그리고 침출수 농도증가에 따라 지체기의 증가뿐만 아니라 메탄수율 및 메탄 발생율이 점차 감소하는 경향을 보이고 있어 침출수 혐기성 처리시 충격부하 뿐만 아니라 정상상태에서의 저해물질에 대한 잠재적인 저해현상이 예상된다.