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Symptom Questionnaire and Laboratory Findings in Subjects with Airflow Limitation: a Nation-wide Survey (기류 폐쇄(Airflow Limitation)의 유무와 호흡기 증상 및 검사실 성적에 관한 연구: 국가 단위 실태 조사)

  • Hwang, Yong Il;Kim, Young Chul;Lee, Jae Ho;Kang, Min Jong;Kim, Dong Gyu;Kim, Soo Ock;Jang, Tae Won;Lee, Min Ki;Ahn, Youngsoo;Yoo, Jee Hong;Jung, Ki-Suck
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.63 no.6
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    • pp.480-485
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    • 2007
  • Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. COPD has systemic effects, such as skeletal muscle dysfunction and abnormal weight loss. It also has been suggested that COPD is related to other chronic disease, such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and anemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate a symptom questionnaire and laboratory findings in subjects with air flow limitation. Methods: We evaluated a symptom questionnaire and laboratory findings in subjects with airflow limitation detected by spirometry in conjunction with the Second Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 9,243 adults over the age of 18 were recruited. Among the adults, we finally analyzed 2,217 subjects who met the acceptability and repeatability criteria of spirometry, showed normal findings on chest radiography, and were older than 40 years of age. Results: There were 288 subjects with airflow limitation as determined by spirometry. The frequency of respiratory symptoms such as cough, sputum and wheezing were significantly higher in subjects with airflow limitation (p <0.01). Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were higher in subjects with airflow limitation (hemoglobin level 13.98 mg/dL vs. 13.62 mg/dL, hematocrit 42.10% vs. 40.89%; p<0.01). The HDL cholesterol level was lower in subjects with airflow limitation (44.95 mg/dL vs. 45.60 mg/dL; p<0.01). There was no significant difference in the total cholesterol, triglyceride, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and fasting glucose levels. Conclusion: In subjects with airflow limitation, prevalence of respiratory symptoms was higher than in normal spirometry subjects and the levels of hemoglobin and the hematocrit were higher. The HDL cholesterol level was lower in subjects with airflow limitation.

Evaluation of Fertilization Effect of Slow-Release Complex Fertilizer on Pepper Cultivation (원예용 완효성 복합비료의 고추에 대한 시비효과 평가)

  • Lee, Chang-Hoon;Lee, Hyub;Ha, Byung-Hyun;Kang, Chang-Sun;Lee, Yong-Bok;Kim, Pil-Joo
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.228-232
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    • 2007
  • Slow-release fertilizers (SRF) have been used to reduce nutrient loss through increasing fertilizer efficiency and to save labor. Several SRFs were developed for rice plant in Korea, but there is few for horticultural crop plants. Two slow-release complex fertilizers, 100T and 150T, which made for controlling nitrogen release time up to 100 and 150 days, respectively, were selected for the incubation test cto evaluate nitrogen (N) release rate in soil. The N of urea selected as the control was completely released within a week after application. Sixty three and 53% of total N were released from 110T and 150T of slow release fertilizers within 8th weeks after application, respectively. For pepper cultivation CF110 and CF150, new slow-release complex fertilizer, were made of mixing 40% of conventional fertilizer and 60% of 110T and 150T, respectively, based on the amount of recommended fertilizer for pepper cultivation $(N-P_2O_5-K_2O=190-112-149\;kg\;ha^{-1})$, and were totally applied before pepper transplanting in the field as the basal fertilizer. Inorganic N $(NH_4^+-N+NO_3^--N)$ concentration in soil was higher in the CF110 treatment than in the control (NPK) at all period of pepper cultivation. In the CF150 treatment concentration of inorganic N in soil was low compared to control up to 8th weeks after transplanting. However, there was no difference in plant height and nutrient content of pepper leave between CF110 treatment and the control. In comparison, plant height was significantly lower in CF150 than the control and CF110 treatments. Around 4% of fresh pepper yield was increased in CF110 compared to the control, but it was decreased to about 2% by CF150 treatment. Conclusively, CF110 form could be recommended as a slow release fertilizer for pepper cultivation.

Blood chemical values of mixed breed dog in Korea (잡종견(雜種犬)의 혈액화학치(血液化學値)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Yoo, Suk-jong;Kim, Tae-jong
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.30 no.2
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    • pp.163-170
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    • 1990
  • The blood chemical values and blood enzyme activities were examined from 74 healthy mixed breed dogs in the area of Seoul. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Mean${\pm}$SD values and ranges of glucose were $61.97{\pm}8.41mg/100ml$ and 47.28~81.67mg/100ml, of blood urea nitrogen(BUN) $15.99{\pm}2.31mg/100ml$ and 8.21~21.31mg/100ml, of total protein(TP) $8.17{\pm}0.93g/100ml$ and 6.06~9.91g/100ml, of albumin $4.16{\pm}0.47g/100ml$ and 2.81~5.15g/100ml, of globulin, $4.01{\pm}0.64g/100ml$ and 2.72~5.54g/100ml, of albumin/globulin(A/G) ratio $1.06{\pm}0.17$ and 0.71~1.42, of cholesterol(Chol) $187.33{\pm}19.78mg/100ml$ and 128.70~222.90mg/100ml, of total bilirubin(TB) $0.73{\pm}0.14mg/100ml$ and 0.43~1.16mg/100ml, of phosphorus(Pi) $5.25{\pm}1.00mg/100ml$ and 2.61~7.72mg/100ml, of calcium(Ca) $10.76{\pm}1.08mg/100ml$ and 8.24~12.60mg/100ml, of triglyceride(TG) $89.48{\pm}21.16mg/100ml$ and 47.80~133.00mg/100ml, respectively. 2. The glucose value in the age group of 7~12 months was higher (p<0.01) but in the age group of 3~4 years was lower (p<0.05) than the total glucose value. The TP value in the age group of 7~12 months was lower (p<0.01) but in the age group of 1~2 years was higher (p<0.05) than the total TP value. The globulin value in the age group of 7~12 months was lower (p<0.01) but in the group of 1~2 years was higher (p<0.01) than the total globulin value. The A/G ratio value in the age group of 7~12 months was higher (p<0.05) but in the age group of 1~2 years was lower (p<0.05) than the total A/G ratio value. The phosphorus values in the age group of 1~2 years and the age group of 3~4 years were lower (p<0.01, p<0.001) than the total phosphorus value. The calcium value in the age group of less than 6 months was higher (p<0.05) but in the age group of 7~12 months was lower (p<0.001) than the total calcium value. 3. Mean${\pm}$S.D. values and ranges of alkaline phosphatase(AP) were $72.47{\pm}19.73IU/l$, and 28.13~105.00IU/l, of lactic dehydrogense(LDH) $159.46{\pm}45.11IU/l$ and 60.63~265.30IU/l, of serum aspartate aminotransferase(AST) $38.64{\pm}8.62IU/l$ and 21.47~70.58IU/l, of serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT) $34.88{\pm}11.30IU/l$ and 14.51~73.17IU/l, respectively. 4. The AP value in the age group of 7~12 months was higher (p<0.05) but in the age group of 1~2 years was lower (p<0.01, p<0.001) than the total AP value. The LDH value in the age group of less than 6 months was higher (p<0.001) but in the age group of 1~2 years and the age group of 3~4 years were lower (p<0.05) than the total LDH value. The serum AST value in the age group of 3~4 years was lower (p<0.01) than the total SGOT value. The serum ALT value in the age group of 7~12 months was higher(p<0.05) than the total SGPT value.

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Comparative Assessment on Indicating Factor for Biomineralization by Bacillus Species (Bacillus종의 생광물화에 미치는 영향 인자의 비교 평가)

  • Seok, Hee-Jeong;Kim, Chang-Gyun
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.35 no.3
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    • pp.179-191
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    • 2013
  • This study was conducted to comparatively assess quantitative indicating factor for biomineralization characterizing $CO_2$ mineralization on three type of minerals (i.e., $CaCl_2$, $MgCl_2$, $CaCl_2-MgCl_2$) in an aqueous solution amended with Bacillus pasteurii or indigenous microorganisms for a S landfill cover soil. For given three types of minerals, $NH_4{^+}$ (urease activity) was released at the highest of 88 mg/L for $MgCl_2$, then 85 mg/L for $CaCl_2$, and the lowest of 42 mg/L for $CaCl_2-MgCl_2$. $CO_2$ gas in the head space was completely removed after 12, 12, and 24 hr for $CaCl_2$, $MgCl_2$ and $CaCl_2-MgCl_2$, respectively. $Ca^{2+}$ concentration in $CaCl_2$ solution was the quickest and the greatest decreased 92% for 12 hr whereas that in $CaCl_2-MgCl_2$ solution was lower at 85% for 36 hr. $Mg^{2+}$ concentration in $MgCl_2$ was more efficiently decreased at 46% for 48 hr than that of $CaCl_2-MgCl_2$ solution of 38.5% for 72 hr. Regardless of types of minerals or their concentration, pH was changed from 5.5 to 9 by biomineralization being progressed. Microbial activity ($OD_{600}$) was also changed from 0 to 0.6. SEM images indicated that spheroidal and trapezoid shape crystal were formed, which were identified as of $CaCO_3$ (Calcite) and $MgCO_3$ (Magnesite) by X-ray diffraction. In the long run, $NH_4{^+}$ (urease activity), $CO_2$ gas, $OD_{600}$, pH, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ would be suitable for reasonable indicating factor in order to assess the degree of biomineralization efficiency.

The Proteinase Distributed in the Intestinal Organs of Fish 2. Characterization of the Three Alkaline Proteinases from the Pyloric Caeca of Mackerel, Scomber japonicus (어류의 장기조직에 분포하는 단백질분해효소에 관한 연구 2. 고등어 유문수조직중에 분포하는 3종 알칼리성 단백질분해효소의 특성)

  • KIM Hyeung-Rak;PYEUN Jae-Hyeung
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.19 no.6
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    • pp.547-557
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    • 1986
  • The characteristics of the three alkaline proteinases, Enz. A, B and C, from the pyloric caeca of mackerel have been investigated. The optimum condition for the activity of the Enz. A, B and C was pH 9.4, 9.8 and 9.8 at $45^{\circ}C$ for $2\%$ casein solution, and was pH 9.2 10.2 and 9.8 at $45^{\circ}C$ for $5\%$ hemoglobin denatured by urea, respectively. Enz. A, B and C by heat treatment at $50^{\circ}C$ for 5 min were inactivated 90, 33 and $37\%$, respectively, over the original activity. The reaction rate of the three alkaline proteinases was constant to the reaction time to 40 min in the reaction condition of $2{\mu}g/ml$ of enzyme concentration and $2\%$ casein solution. The reaction rate equation and Km value against casein substrate determined by the method of Lineweaver and Burk were: Enz. A, Y=3.6X and $Km=5.0{\times}10^{-3}\%$; Enz. B, Y=6.0X and $Km=1.0{\times}10^{-3}\%$; Enz. C, Y=4.2X and $Km=3.6{\times}10^{-3}\%$. The three alkaline proteinases were inactivated by $Ag^+$ and $Hg^{2+}$, but activated by $Mn^{2+},\;Sn^{2+}\;and\;Pb^{2+}$, Enz. B and C were remarkably inhibited by the soybean trypsin inhibitor. Molecular weight of Enz. A, B and C determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration was in the range of $27,500{\pm}2,500,\;20,500{\pm}1,500\;and\;15,250{\pm}250$, respectively.

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A Study on the Antidotal Effects of Dietary Garlic Juice on Lead Poisoning Rats (납중독 흰쥐에서 식이 마늘 즙의 해독효과에 관한 연구)

  • Sheo, Hwa-Jung;Seo, Yu-Seok
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.34 no.3
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    • pp.342-350
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    • 2005
  • In the present work antidotal effect of dietary garlic was studied on lead-intoxicated rat. One of 5 groups of young Wistar sp. male rat, aged 4 weeks for control were fed only normal diet. Lead (25 ㎎/㎏.bw/week) was administered to other four groups for plumbism model over 4 weeks, of which three groups were supplemented with one of the following raw garlic juice: 1.10 (1% diet), 2.21 (2%) and 3.31 (3%) ㎎/㎏.bw/day respectively. Body weight gain rates in all garlic group significantly increased, especially in 2% garlic group that showed 9.8% net gain, as compared with only-lead treated group but lower values than control. The fecal and urinary lead excretion in all garlic groups significantly increased in a dose dependent fashion with highest value of 9.59% net gain in 3% garlic group as compared to lead treated control group. In comparison with lead treated control group, all garlic groups showed significantly increased hemoglobin contents, hematocrit values (Hct), red blood cell (RBC) count, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and δ-amino levulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) activities. The values of 2% and 3% garlic groups remarkably increased while no significant difference between the values of 2% and 3% garlic groups was observed. The ALT activities, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CR) in all garlic groups significantly decreased as compared with lead-treated control group. The values of 2% garlic group were the lowest and significantly different from the values of 1% and 3% garlic groups. The results showed that 2%-3% garlic juice in diet had obviously antidotal effects in lead-poisoned rats by promoting lead excretion. However, mega dose garlic such as in 3% garlic group might have some adverse effects on hepatic and renal functions in rats. In conclusion, the dietary habit to take ordinary garlic sauce in appropriate amount, may be helpful for preventing lead or other heavy metal intoxication.

Effect of Amounts of Pisolithus tinctorius Spores and Fertilizer on the Growth of Potted Pinus densiflora Seedlings (모래밭 버섯 포자접종량(胞子接種量)과 시비량(施肥量)에 따른 소나무 화분파종묘(花盆播種苗)의 생장촉진효과(生長促進効果))

  • Koo, Chang Duck;Lee, Won Kyu;Lee, Chun Yong;Park, Seung Kull
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.72 no.1
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    • pp.32-36
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    • 1986
  • The effect of different inoculation amounts of Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) spores and fertilizers on the growth of Pinus densiflora seedlings grown in fumigated or nonfumigated soils were tested in the: polyethylene pots. To infest the pot soil with Pt spores, the mixture of the spores with sterilized nursery soil was used after seeding. Eighteen months after inoculation, mycorrhizal formation was 42-70% in fumigated plus Korean-Pt inoculated pots, 60-70% in fumigated plus U.S.-Pt inoculated pots, and less than 1% in non-fumigated, Korean-Pt inoculated pots. Growth enhancement effect of Pt spore inoculation was shown on only fumigated soil and the inoculation increased the seedlings height (8-38%), stem diameter (9-40%) and dry weight (6-73%). Especially 0.4g per pot application rate increased the height (30-31%), stem diameter (23-28%) and dry weight (56-69%), while the 0.2g U.S. Pt spore per pot rate increased 26-38, 17-20 and 58-60%, for height, stem diameter, and dry weight respectively. At 1X fertilizer application rate (urea 2g, fused superphoshate 4g, and potassium chloride 1g per pot), the 0.4g per pot rate resulted in more dry weight by 18% than that at 1/2X rate. The result indicated that there is a need for further research on inoculating nonfumigated soil with Pt and that appropriate application rates of fertilizers and Pt spores are 1X and 0.2-0.4g per pot on fumigated soil, respectively.

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A Comparative Study on Knowledge of Hypertension and Blood Parameters Between a Well-Controlled Hypertension Group and an Uncontrolled Hypertension Group Commuting to a Public Health Center (보건소의 혈압이 조절되는 고혈압 환자와 조절되지 않는 고혈압 환자의 고혈압관련 지식 및 혈액성상)

  • Cho, Kyung-Ok
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.36 no.10
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    • pp.1287-1292
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    • 2007
  • The purpose of this study was to compare knowledge on hypertension and blood parameters through blood pressure control of hypertensive patients commuting to a public health center. Hypertensive subjects were classified according to their blood pressures into a well-controlled group (SBP<140 mmHg and DBP<90 mmHg, n=44) and an uncontrolled group ($SBP\geq140mmHg\;or\;DBP\geq90mmHg$, n=41). All subjects were interviewed for clinical characteristics, effort for health maintenance and knowledge on hypertension and nutrition. Biochemical measurement of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were obtained from subjects. The knowledge about hypertension and effort for health maintenance were not significantly different between the groups. However, the nutrition knowledge score of the well-controlled group was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the uncontrolled group. On the test of nutrition knowledge, 97.7% of the well-controlled group answered correctly to the item, 'Medication is an easy way to control blood pressure'. This result was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the uncontrolled group of whom 82.9% answered correctly. Participants in both groups had only a little understanding about the importance of a balanced diet. Blood parameters were in the normal range and there was not a significant difference between the groups. However total cholesterol, triglyceride and fasting blood glucose levels of the uncontrolled group were higher than those of the well-controlled group. Therefore, education programs about the continuous control of hypertension through careful monitoring, medication, and exercise are required. The uncontrolled group was especially in need of strengthening education. Also more effective nutrition education programs about low salt, high fiber, low cholesterol, and balanced diets are required for hypertensive patients commuting to public health center.

Effects of Polyols on Antimicrobial and Preservative Efficacy in Cosmetics (화학방부제 배합량 감소를 위한 폴리올류의 항균, 방부영향력 연구)

  • Shin, Kye-Ho;Kwack, Il-Young;Lee, Sung-Won;Suh, Kyung-Hee;Moon, Sung-Joon;Chang, Ih-Seop
    • Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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    • v.33 no.2
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    • pp.111-115
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    • 2007
  • It is inevitable to use germicidal agents like parabens, imidazolidinyl urea, phenoxyethanol and chlorphenesin to preserve the cosmetics. Although effective in reducing microblological contamination, chemical preservatives are irritative, allergenic and even toxic to human skin. So it is needed to decrease or eliminate usage of preservatives in cosmetic products Glycerin, butylene glycol (BG), prorylene glycol (PG), and dipropylene glycol (DPG) are widely used in cosmetics as skin conditioning agent or solvents. At high concentrations, they have antimicrobial activities, but deteriorate product quality like sensory feeling or safety. The purpose of study is to evaluate the effects of polyols on antimicrobial and preservative efficacy and confirm whether using adjusted polyols can decrease the contents of preservatives without deterioration of the quality of cosmetics. Effects of common polyols on antimicrobial activities of general preservatives were measured. BG and PG significantly (p < 0.05) increased activities of preservatives, but glycerin influenced little. It was inferred from the regression analysis of the results with S. aureus that adding 1% of PG increased activities of preservatives up to $2.1{\sim}8.4 %$ and BG improved activities of preservatives up to $1.8{\sim}8.4 %$. The challenge test results for oil in water lotions and creams showed that BG and PG improved the efficacy of preservative systems up to 40 % at a range of $5.5{\sim}9.9 %$, but glycerin had little effect on it. The measured rates of improvement were analogous to the inferences from regression analysis. It can be concluded that is possible to reduce total chemical preservatives up to 40 %, consequently improve the safety and sensory quality of cosmetics with the precision control of polyols. Added to that, using this paradigm, low preservative contents, praraben-free system, and even preservative-free systems can be expected in the near future.

Effect of Pinus densiflora Extract on Blood Glucose Level, OGTT and Biochemical Parameters in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats (솔잎증류액의 투여가 Streptozotocin으로 유도한 당뇨쥐에서 혈당, 구강내당능검사, 혈액 성분에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Shin-Hee;Hwang, Seock-Yeon;Park, Oh-Sung;Kim, Moo-Kang;Chung, Young-Jin
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.34 no.7
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    • pp.973-979
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    • 2005
  • To investigate the effect of Pinus densiflora on biochemical parameters in type I diabetic rats, we evaluated the changes of body weight, fasting blood glucose level, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and biochemical parameters after the intraperitoneal injection of distilled solution of Pinus densiflora in streptozotocin (STZ)­induced rats. Thirty-seven male Sprague Dawley rats $(180\pm10g)$ were divided into four groups; diabetic mellitus (DM) group received STZ (50 mg/kg BW, i.v.); low level of pine extract (LP) group received Pinus densiflora (5 mg/kg BW, i.p.), high level of pine extract (HP) group received Pinus densiflora (10 mg/kg BW, i.p.) after the single injection of STZ (50 mg/kg BW, i.v.), respectively. Normal control (NC) group received saline. The change of fasting blood glucose level and OGTT were measured using glucocard II, and the change of biochemical parameter were measured by Automatic Chemistry Analyzer (Hitach-747, Japan). Mean body weight change of DM group was retarded greatly by STZ-exposure. While, body weights of LP and HP groups were progressively increased with some fluctuation, although the increase rates were slower than that of NC group. Fasting blood glucose levels of LP and HP groups were reduced by Pinus densiflora injection, although the fasting blood glucose levels were higher than that of NC group. The results of OGTT was significantly improved in both of LP and HP group compared to DM group. Increases of blood glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels by STZ-exposure were attenuated by the Pinus densiflora treatment (p<0.05). From the results, it was suggested that Pinus densiflora has a tendency to decrease STZ-induced toxicity in terms of monitoring fasting blood glucose, OGTT and some biochemical parameters of rat.