• 해운
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• no.5 s.16
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• pp.41-41
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• 2005

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.16
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• pp.155-181
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• 2001

International Trade has led to the increase of the demand of international transport, and also the development of international transport not only incurs claims concerning transportation but also establishes various international rules to settle the claims between the shippers and carriers incurred in the course of transport. With a view to settling the claims successfully, the men who are concerned in the transport have to know the principle and scopes of carrier's liability. In this paper, I would like to find out the scopes of liability of multimodal carriers based on the principles of liability. In order to perform the purpose of this study, I classify the liability principle of the international carrier under the UNs Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Good(1980) and UNCTDAD/ICC Rules(1991) in three system-Network Liability System, Uniform Liability System and Modified Liability System. And that I show the results-the scopes of multimodal carriers' liability based on the UN's Multimodal Convention(1980) and the ICC/UNCTAD Rules(1991), and transport vehicles.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.31-45
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• 1979

The writer has attempted in the present article first to investiqate whether shipping industry is poor countries' business more favourable to them, compared to wealthy nations in terms of comparative cost of operation and to analyse how can developing conntries afford to maintain a modern fleet; secondly to examine the economic aspect of the situation created by the UNCTAD V held in May this year, at which passed a resolution demanding "the right of all countries to an equitable participation in the carriage of cargoes generated by their own trade"; and thirdly to adduce conclusions. The article contains six chapters; chapter I is the introduction on the subject under examination; chapter II provides background information on the structure of the industry and of the operating cost of ship; chapter III addresses itself to the legal backgrounds of ensuring free transfer of resources among nations and free competition of shipping; chapter IV deals with the recent development of shipping nationalism of developing countries at the UNCTAD; chapter V discusses division of labour in shipping and in particular the survival mechanism of high-cost countries; and chapter Ⅵ sets forth conclusion.onclusion.

• The tire
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• s.86
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• pp.37-47
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• 1980

국제연합무역개발회의(UNCTAD)가 1976년 제4회 나이로비 총회이후, 추진해온 일차산품 종합계획 중 천연고무에 관한 교섭은 79년 10월초에 정리되어 정식으로 천연고무 상품협정이 발족하게 되었다. 동협정은 80년 1~6월간에 제네바에서 각국이 서명하고, 7~9월에 각국에서 비준하여 10월에 발족될 전망이다. 완충재고를 중심으로 한 동협정은 UNCTAD의 18개품목의 협정 중, 경제조항과 의무분담을 골자로 한 협정으로서는 처음 있는 일로서 주목되고 있다. 동협정은 천연고무가격의 안정과 공급안정을 목적으로 한 것이나, 동협정이 발효되더라도 현재에는 최고가격인 270싱가포르센트 이상으로 되어 있으므로 당분간은 아무런 효과도 거두지 못할 것으로 보인다. 고무업계에서는, 「천연고무가격이 안정되는 것은 환영하고 있으나 고가안정으로 (주석협정과 같이) 될 두려움마저 있다」고 평하고 있으며, 원재료앙등에 고심하고 있다. 전문 68조로 된 천연고무 국제협정의 내용은 다음과 같다.

• The tire
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• s.83
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• pp.25-27
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• 1979

국연무역개발회의(UNCTAD)의 천연고무 제2회협정교섭회의는 작년11월에서 12월에 걸쳐 개최된 제 1회 협정교섭회의의 뒤를 이어 3월 27일부터 4월 12일 까지 58개국, 8국제기관이 참석하여 제네바에서 개최되었다. 동회의에서는 최종단계에서 협정내용의 주요골자인 완충재고규모, 자금준비, 기준가격수준 및 그 조정방법 등을 포함한 의장안이 제출되어 대강 그 합의를 보았다. <편집자주>

• The tire
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• s.81
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• pp.32-36
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• 1979

천연고무의 가격안정화를 위한 국제협정체결문제는 76년 나이로비 총회이후 10회에 걸쳐 회의를 가졌으나 결론을 얻지 못하고 오는 3월 26일부터 3주간 제네바에서 개최되는 교섭회의에서 최종적인 합의에 달할 것으로 보고 있다. 본고는 작년 5월 8일부터 19일까지 2주간 태국, 인도네시아, 말레이시아, 싱가포르 4개국에 대한 UNCTAD 천연고무 Workshop의 개요를 종합한 것으로 국제협정체결을 바라는 각생산국의 천연고무산업의 현황과 문제점을 밝힌 것이다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.28 no.910
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• pp.1341-1350
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• 2004

With the advent of the globalization trend of the industry, the enterprises in the fashion industry around the world have witnessed a surge in exports and foreign direct investment (FDI). Many fashion enterprises in each country, along with the multi-national enterprises, have engaged in global outsourcing of the production process in order to increase their global competitiveness, and have attempted to expand their commercial presence in the world market by entering into other foreign markets. Such market entry attempts have lead to the increase of FDI and trade by the fashion enterprises. This study attempts to examine the interactive relation between FDI and export/import of fashion products in different fashion industries both worldwide and in Korea. First, we will look into the relation between export/imports and FDI of each regional fashion industry, then expand the study to the relation between those two factors found in the fashion industry of Korea in general, and finally, to the relation between the two factors in the fashion industry of countries that are the major export nations of fashion goods into Korea. The data which this study is based on were collected from the International Trade Statistics Yearbook Vol. II (UN, 1991-2002, New York: UN), UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics (UN, 1996-2001, Vienna: UN), UNCTAD database, the archives of the Korea Federation of Textile Industry and the archives of the Export-Import Bank of Korea. The methods of analysis used in this study were correlation, regression, and descriptive statistics of the data. The result of this study showed that each fashion industry of different regions was subject to a diversity of effects. For one, the fashion industry in Korea showed a significant correlation between outbound investment and both export and import. On the other hand, the apparel industry in Korea showed a significant correlation between outbound investment and imports, but no such correlation between outbound investment and exports.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.43-47
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• 2013

Within the United Nations framework of the Economic and Social Council, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) serves as the focal point for trade facilitation recommendations and electronic business standards, covering both commercial and government business processes that can foster growth in international trade and related services. Accordingly United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT) was established, as a subsidiary, intergovernmental body of the UNECE Committee on Trade, mandated to develop a program of work of global relevance to achieve improved worldwide coordination and cooperation in these areas. Domestic development and distribution of electronic documents to be conformed to international standards, it is enough to have the role of international activities continue to supply part of the domestic industry and the trends in participation and international standard.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.13
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• pp.303-328
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• 2000

International Trade has led to the increase of the demand of international transport, and also the development of transport vehicles has been promoting the volumes of international trade. Therefore, the development of international transport not only incurs claims concerning transportation but also establishes various international rules to settle the claims between the shippers and the carriers in the course of transport. With a view to settling the claims successfully, the men who are concerned in the transport have to know the principle and scope of carrier's Liability. In this paper, I would like to find out the principle of Liability for the shippers. Therefore, I classify the Liability principle of the international transporter under the UNs Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Good(1980) and UNCTDAD/ICC Rules(1991) in three system - Network Liability System, Uniform Liability System and Modified Uniform Liability System.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.3-28
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• 2018

This article discusses the deadlock in the WTO on multilateral harmonization of nonpreferential rules of origin (RoO) and reviews some of the RoO included in recent preferential trade agreements. We argue that there is a trend towards adoption of similar approaches and that this suggests that cooperation to reduce the trade-impeding effects of differences in RoO across jurisdictions is more feasible than often is assumed by observers and policymakers. From a trade facilitation perspective such cooperation could be based on plurilateral initiatives under the umbrella of the WTO. These could include a focus on pursuit of greater convergence between preferential and nonpreferential RoO helping to achieve the long-standing goal of moving towards harmonization of rules of origin.