• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.706-712
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• 1999

해수 중에서 자연상태의 황토입자의 침강특성에 관한 연구의 요약은 다음과 같다. 1. 2,000mg/$\ell$ 황토용액에 대한 PSD 곡선은 0 min. 침강시간에서 정규분포곡선을 나타내었고 평균입도는 31.6$\mu$m, 변동계수는 $75,6\%$로써 매우 광범위한 입도의 분포상태를 보여 주었다. 그러나 침강시간이 경과함에 따라 비정규분포곡선의 양상을 나타내었다. 한편 무게누적분포곡선에서 거의 $100\%$의 입자가 20$\mu$m 보다 큰 입자로 구성되어 있었다. 2. 해수 중에서 황토입자에 대한 $V_s/(D_{bm})^{1/2}$ 비의 값은 입자의 크기가 증가함에 따라 기하급수적으로 증가하였으며, 1 $\mu$m 입자를 중심으로 이 이상은 $V_s$ 가 $(D_{bm})^{1/2}$보다 크고 이 미만은$(D_{bm})^{1/2}$이 $V_s$ 보다 큰 값을 나타내었다. 20$\mu$m 크기의 입자에 대하여 $V_s/(D_{bm})^{1/2}$ 비의 값은 2,355이었다. 3. 해수 중에서 황토입자는 매우 엷은 EDL 두께 (0.4$\mu$m)를 나타냄으로써 EDL repulsive force가 거의 존재하지 않았으며, 상호 접근하는 황토입자는 모든 간격에서 LVDW attractive force가 EDL repulsive force보다 큰 값을 나타내어 항상 용이하게 floc을 형성할 수밖에 없는 조건에 있었다. 4. 해수 중의 황토입자의 $V_s/(D_{bm})^{1/2}$ 비의 값과 total interaction energy로부터 자연상태의 황토입자는 해수 중에서 외부의 강력한 전단력이 없이는 매우 확산되기 어려운 상태에 있으며, 조류의 수평운동이 적은 내만에서는 입자의 물리적 거동은 침강에 의하여 지배되는 것으로 나타났다. 5. 2,000mg/$\ell$ 황토용액에 대한 침강실험에서 대략 $22.5\%$의 황토는 격렬한 교반에도 불구하고 즉시 침강하였다. 황토농도가 400, 2,000, 10,000mg/$\ell$으로 증가함에 따라 침강특성은 개별입자침강(Type I settling or discrete settling)에서 응결침강(Type II settling or flocculation settling)의 상태로 바뀌었다. 이것은 실제 해양에서 황토입자들 끼리 floc을 형성할 정도로 많은 양의 황토를 적절한 분산장치 없이 살포하는 것은 지양해야 하며 동시에 동일한 농도의 황토용액도 살포방법에 따라 분산의 크기가 달라질 수 있음을 의미하는 것이다. 6. PVD 그래프로부터 자연상태의 황토는 급격하게 침강하는 입자와 장시간 부유하며 천천히 침강하는 입자로 구성되어 있었고 후자의 양이 전자의 양에 비하여 매우 적은 상태로 나타났다. 7. 황토를 이용하여 적조를 효과적으로 제거하기 위해서는 자연상태의 황토를 그대로 사용하기보다는 (1) 미세한 입자상태로 분쇄하고, (2) 적절한 살포장비와 분산장비를 사용하여 해수 중에서 황토입자가 넓게 부유 분산하여 적조생물과 충분한 충돌을 일으키도록 해야한다. 이것은 적어도 황토입자를 이용하여 적조를 응집 제거하려고 할 경우 피할 수 없는 기본적 원리가 되며 동시에 황토 사용량을 줄일 수 있는 하나의 방법이 된다. 8. 일반적으로 입자의 크기는 응집 및 흡착반응에 매우 중요한 인자가 된다. 황토입자는 크기가 작을수록 용이하게 분산시킬 수 있으며 더욱 효과적으로 Cochlodinium 적조를 제거할 수 있다. 실제로 어떤 황토입자의 크기가 적조 제거에 효과적인가는 현장실험을 통하여 침강속도, 수평분산범위, 적조제거효율 등을 조사하여 반드시 결정하여야 한다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.468-474
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• 2006

In the secondary settling tanks, three different types of settling phenomena occurs; i.e., zone settling for sludge thickening in the bottom part of settling tank, and discrete and flocculent settling for clarification in the upper part. In this paper, morphological parameters of the floc in sludge blanket layers along the length of a long rectangular tank were investigated. The plant used for this study had a serious bulking problem caused by Microthrix parvicella. Floc size decreased as the surface area of settling tank increases, which indicates that in the secondary settling tank where zone settling believed to be predominant, free or flocculent type of settling contributes to floc size distributions. Large floc particles deposit in the front zone of settling tank, but small and loose flocs mostly in the zone near its outlet. On the other hand, filament length contained in one gram of sludge blanket solid increases along the flow direction. Large flocs with less filaments settle faster, but small flocs having more filaments result in poor settling. These results support function of microorganism selection occurring in secondary settling tank. In addition, designing a long rectangluar settling tank with double hoppers might be one of the ways of bulking control, but this idea has to be verified with a further study.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2000

To provide the appropriate direction for development of transient control in a gasoline engine, transient performance analysis and evalution under four accelerating types based on typical driver's acceleration type were implemented by experimental study. In order to evaluate the characteristics of transient performance quanititatively, the concept and method by transient response specifications were introduced. Several performance parameters in terms of engine speed(RPM), manifold absolute pressure(MAP), fuel injection duration($\DeltatI_{nj}$) and air excess ratio($\lambda$) were emasured simultaneously during the four types of the throttle valve opening with the step motor controlled by PC. The result showed that transient response specifications in terms of delay time, rising time and settling time characterized the transient performance for four acceleration types quantitatively. Intensified acceleration type was most economical and linear acceleration type revealed the best emission performance.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.159-165
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• 2002

Purpose: The aim of this study was to introduce a method of obtaining the oscillation graphs of the dental x-ray tube heads relative to time using an accelerometer. Materials and Methods: An Accelerometer, Piezotron type 8704B25 (Kistler Instrument Co., Amherst, NY, USA) was utilized to measure the horizontal oscillation of the x-ray tube head immediately after positioning the tube head for an intraoral radiograph. The signal from the sensor was transferred to a dynamic signal analyzer, which displayed the magnitude of the acceleration on the Y-axis and time lapse on the X -axis. The horizontal oscillation of the tube head was measured relative to time, and the settling time was also determined on the basis of the acceleration graphs for 6 wall type, 5 floor-fixed type, and 4 mobile type dental x-ray machines. Results : The oscillation graphs showed that tube head movement decreased rapidly over time. The settling time varied with x-ray machine types. Wall-type x-ray machines had a settling time of up to 6 seconds, 5 seconds for fixed floor-types, and 1 I seconds for the mobile-types. Conclusion: Using an accelerometer, we obtained the oscillation graphs of the dental x-ray tube head relative to time. The oscillation graph with time can guide the operator to decide upon the optimum exposure moment after x-ray tube head positioning for better radiographic resolution.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.50-56
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• 1994

A DC generator control system was designed to control the torque of a rotating shaft precisely. The control system is composed of a strain gage type torque cell, a torque cell amplifier, a computer, a D/A converter, a error detector, a DC voltage amplifier and a resistor. The response test under unit step input and the dynamic stability test for the designed control system were carried out. It was confirmed that the settling time from the response test is about 4 s and the error from the dynamic stability test is less than 0.06% of rated output of torque cell. The designed control system may be used to control a DC generator which may be used to apply torque to a rotating shaft.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 1996년도 International Conference on Agricultural Machinery Engineering Proceedings
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• pp.692-700
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• 1996

The objective of this study is to develop a systematic purification plant using the metabolism of aerobic microorganisms. This system is subsequently aerated and continuously removes suspended solids and settling sludges caused by aerating pressure at the bottom of a lower pipe (i.e., Continuous Removal of Suspended solids and Settling sludges, CRSS). The CRSS plants are brought out by introducing fine air bubbles into the liquid phase of a lower pipe in the bio-reactor. These plant uses aeration pipe, with multiple inlets to sweep the floor of bio-reactor tank, instead of the conventional scraper mechanisms. The principal advantage of this system is that it can continuously remove very small or light particles that settles completely within a short time. Once the particles have been floated to the surface, they can be moved into the pipe and collected in the settling tank by sequently aerated pressure. The experimental results shows that about 99.0% of the biochemical oxygen demand(BOD), 99.3% of the suspended solid(SS), 92.3% of the total nitrogen(T-N), 99.0% of the turbidity(TU), 100% of the total coliform(TC)and ammonia was respectively removed during aerobic digestion for 9 days. These result indicates that the CRS S plants are very effective for reduction and deodorization of swine wastewater contaminants, and the efflux from CRS S can either be discharged in the river or used as nutrient solution of formulation for plant growth factories. The developed CRSS plant proved to be flexible and it can simply be adapted to any type of biological waste treatment problem.roblem.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제5권8호
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• pp.889-897
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• 1999

This paper deals with a problem searching a target transfer function to meet the time-domain specifications for feedback system with given plant transfer function. For the Type I system, we first define three forms of transient response to unit step input, which are named by F, M, S-type. These are charaacterized as follows ; F-type has fast initial response and slow approach to the steady sate after reaching at 90% of the steady state value, S-type has slow initial response but fast approach to the steady state, and M-type is denoted by highly smooth response between F-type and S-type. Three prototypes corresponding to each form are proposed, time. For the order $n{\geq}4$, after determining admissible root structures of target characteristic polynomials empirically and expressing such polynomial coefficients by using special parameters ${\gamma}_i$ and $\epsilon$, the optimal prototypes that minimize the integral of the squared of the modified errors(ISME) have been obtained. Since the step responses of these prototypes have almost same wave forms irrespective to the order, the desired settling time or the rise time can be converted into the equibalent time constant $\tau$ and thus it is easy to obtain a target transfer function. It is shown through a design example that the present prototype is very useful for meeting the time-domain specifications and has been compared with different methods with a viewpoint of pertinence.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.77-82
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• 2010

In general, the control valves are essential components in hydraulic systems. Structural changes within the valves remain a challenge because many parameters of valve tend to interact in terms of static and dynamic performance. Therefore, the valve characteristics is applied directly to the stability of hydraulic system. Inner structure of the valve which is used mainly in the industries is made up poppet type and spool type. This paper made a description of the method for numerical analysis and modeling of the valve with a built-in moving part of four-type. Based on the physical parameters of the valves, a numerical model of objected valve is developed using the bond graph method. It is to verified the results that the moving part of four-type has an effect on pressure and flow characteristics. Also, It is analyzed the results which has an effect on response characteristic by angular of poppet valve face and inertia variation of the valve with a built-in moving part. In the results, it is confirmed that the rising and settling time vary with the shape of moving part in valve.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기기기및에너지변환시스템부문B
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• 제54권12호
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• pp.629-637
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• 2005

This paper proposes a new anti-windup strategy to suppress integrator windup for PI speed controller and to be implemented on the existing system with minimal modification. When the speed control mode is changed from P controller to PI controller. an appropriate initial value for integrator is assigned. This value restricts overshoot and high settling time. Also, the proposed method guarantees the designed performance independent on operating conditions, i.e. different set-point change and load torque. Simulation and experimental results for PMSM speed controller have shown its superior performance compared with the conditional integration and tracking back calculation.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.305-316
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• 1993

Fuel efficiency in tractor operations dep6nds on the selection of transmission gears and upon the engine being operated at or near maximum torque much of time. The objective of this study was to develop automatic control systems for tractor transmission ratio and governor setting so that the engine is operated at or near maximum torque as much of time as possible. An indoor test unit, which can be used to simulate tractor operation, was built in order to investigate the system design parameters and test the performance of the control system designed. The test-unit consists of engine, gear-type transmission, dynamometer, and control systems for transmission ratio and engine speed. Governor setting lever was controlled by a step motor, and the clutch and transmission levers were controlled by hydraulic cylinders and solenoid valves. The control systems showed good time responses which are assumed to be suitable for optimal tractor operation. The time required for shifting gears from clutch disengagement to engagement was about 1 second, which is almost the same as that for manual shift. And the settling time for engine speed control system was about 5 to 6 seconds.