• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.91-108
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• 1996

The present study was designed to examine effect of short term treadmill and weight-training on aging arophy in the rat skeletal muscle. Male rats of 24 months old were used. Each groups included control, treadmill and weight-training for 4 weeks by using treadmill apparatus and body press apparatus. The histo and cytochemical, ultrastructural and stereological changes in senile skeletal muscles of the rat were observed in the present study. During the training period the body weight and muscular weight in all groups remained constant. The volume density of muscle fiber type IIC and IIB were increased, that of type IIA was decreased, but type I remained constant in treadmill-training group. In weight-training rat, the density of type IIA and IIB were increased, both those of type IIC was decreased. But, all changes of muscle fiber type is not significant. Senile control group some usual formation of mild contraction band, liposuscin pigment and muscular splitting were observed. After treadmill-training, histological and ultrastructural changes occurred in the muscle fiber, such as irregularity of the sarcolemma, interfibrillar vacuolization, longitudinal splitting, and widened I-bond. After weight-training, the changes occurred in the trained muscle fiber, such as appearances of many lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles, severe contraction band, and breakup of myofibrils. Histo and cytochemical studies showed that the activities of succinic dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase remained constant, activities of $Mg^{++}$-ATPase decrease with training. Stereological changes were not observed in the volume and numerical density of all subject component, but the surface density of mitochondrial inner membrane was increased with treadmill-training. These experimental results suggested that endurance training during short-term may result in the adaptible response in senile skeletal muscles. On the other side, weight-training is bad for senile skeletal muscle.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 1988

In the present study the effect of exercise on the conversion rate of ingested glucose to glycogen in the different types of hindlimb skeletal muscles in Sprague-Dawley male rats was studied. The amounts of synthetized glycogen from ingested glucose of fast-twitch white(WV), fast-twitch red(RV), mixed type of fast-twitch white and red(EDL), and slow-twitch(SOL) muscles were determined at 30 and 90 min. after ingestion of 25% glucose solution which contained $^{14}C$-glucose($2m{\ell}(1uCi)$/100gm B. W.)in control and exercise loaded rats. The result was summarized as follows : The about 55% at 30 min. and 70% at 90 min. after glucose ingestion were absorbed from gastrointestinal tract. This result shows no effects of exercise on absorption rate from gastrointestinal tract. The amount of synthetized glycogen of SOL from ingested glucose at 30 and 90 min. after glucose ingestion were highest, whether WV were lowest in hindlimb skeletal muscles in control and exercise loaded rats. In the exercise loaded rats, the amounts of synthetized glycogen of SOL, RV, and EDL at 90 min. after glucose ingestion was much higher than control rats, but not different in WV between exercise-loaded and control rats. At 30 min. after glucose ingestion, only SOL of exercise loaded rats was higher than control rats. In the control rat, the synthesis of glycogen was almost completed during initial 30 minutes. On the other hand, in the exercise loaded rat, except WV was opposite result of control rats, i. e., amounts of synthetized glycogen were major during late period. The amount of synthetized glycogen of liver at 30 and 90 min. after glucose ingestion in exercise loaded rats was higher than control rats. The rate of glycogen synthesis in control and exercise loaded rats were higher between 30-90 minute than initial 30 minute.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 2001

In order to investigate the effect of Transforming growth factor ${\beta}1$(below TGF-${\beta}1$) and osteogenic protein-1(below Op-1) onto the myogenic differentiation, C2C12 satellite myoblastic cell line was cultured and treated with both growth factors. At first morphological changes with microscopical examination were examined, and isolated total RNA to analyse mRNA expression of bone marker proteins, muscle regulatory proteins, TGF-${\beta}$ receptor and their ligands by Northern blot analysis. And cellular proliferative inducibility of both growth factors was also tested to C2C12 cells. Incubating the cell with $5ng/m{\ell}$ of TGF-${\beta}1$ until 4 days almost inhibited multinucleated myotube formation expressing muscular regulatory proteins, and induced decreasing Id proteins. However, no osteoblastic phenotypes was induced by TGF-${\beta}1$ in C2C12 cells. The mRNA expression of TGF-${\beta}$ receptors with TGF-${\beta}1$ was conversed after 48 hours cultured. Type I TGF-${\beta}$ receptor was seemed to play a role in negative signalling for inhibition of myogenic differentiation. OP-1 dose dependently induced ALP activity, osteopontine production and bone sialoprotein production at concentrations above $100ng/m{\ell}$ and osteocalcin production at concentrations above $300ng/m{\ell}$. The concentration of OP-1 required to induce these osteoblastic phenotypes was the same as that required to almost completely inhibit myotube formation. Incubation with above $100ng/m{\ell}$ OP-1 suppressed the expression of mRNA for muscular egulatory proteins from 2 days after incubation. Expression of Id-1, 2, 3 mRNA were stimulated by OP-1 at concentration above $300ng/m{\ell}$. When C2C12 cells were treated with both growth factors, TGF-${\beta}1$ potentiated the inhibitory effect of OP-1 on myotube formation and expression of mRNA for myogenin at 12 days. And TGF-${\beta}1$ reduced osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein production induced by OP-1 at 12 days in C2C12 cells. Both growth factor had no mitogenic effect. These results indicate that OP-1 converts the differentiation pathway of C2C12 myoblasts into that of osteoblastic lineage cells and it's not heritable, but TGF-${\beta}1$ does not and has reversible inhibitory activity on the myogenic differentiation. TGF-${\beta}1$ and OP-1 play a role in myogenic differentiation via different mechanism between them.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.167-177
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• 2007

In the present study, we isolated three human adult stem cells including adipose tissue-derived stem cells(HAD), umbilical cord-derived stem cells(HUC), and amnion-derived stem cells(HAM) and analysed their characteristics. And we examined whether HAD could be used as therapeutical cells for the heart diseases. Both HAM and HUC appeared very similar morphology but HAD was different. Doubling time of HUC was most fast, but total doubling numbers of HUC was same with HAM. Total doubling numbers of HAD was much more than others. Expression patterns of genes and proteins of three human adult stem cells were very similar. Also they were differentiated into adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. In addition, they expressed many cardiomyocyte-related genes. But expression pattern of genes is a little different. When HAD were cultivated in the presence or absence of various combinations of BMP and FGF after 5-azacytidine expose for 24 h, expression of Cmlc-1, and ${\alpha}1c$ genes was significantly increased. However, expression of troponin T, troponin I and Kv4.3 genes was not changed. Based on these observations, it is suggested that HAD, HUC, and HAM might be used as potentially therapeutical cells for clinical application.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.621-627
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• 1999

Background: Sixty five cases with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (CCTGA) indicated for biventricular repair were operated on between 1984 and september 1998. Comparison between the results of the conventional(classic) connection(LV-PA) and the anatomic repair was done. Material and Method: Retrospective review was carried out based on the medical records of the patients. Operative procedures, complications and the long-term results accoding to the combining anomalies were analysed. Result: Mean age was 5.5$\pm$4.8 years(range, 2 months to 18years). Thirty nine were male and 26 were female. Situs solitus {S,L,L} was in 53 and situs inversus{I,D,D} in 12. There was no left ventricular outflow tract obstruction(LVOTO) in 13(20%) cases. The LVOTO was resulted from pulmonary stenosis(PS) in 26(40%)patients and from pulmonary atresia(PA) in 26(40%) patients. Twenty-five(38.5%) patients had tricuspid valve regurgitation(TR) greater than the mild degree that was present preoperatively. Twenty two patients previously underwent 24 systemic- pulmonary shunts previously. In the 13 patients without LVOTO, 7 simple closure of VSD or ASD, 3 tricuspid valve replacements(TVR), and 3 anatomic corrections(3 double switch operations: 1 Senning+ Rastelli, 1 Senning+REV-type, and 1 Senning+Arterial switch opera tion) were performed. As to the 26 patients with CCTGA+VSD or ASD+LVOTO(PS), 24 classic repairs and 2 double switch operations(1 Senning+Rastelli, 1 Mustard+REV-type) were done. In the 26 cases with CCTGA+VSD+LVOTO(PA), 19 classic repairs(18 Rastelli, 1 REV-type), and 7 double switch operations(7 Senning+Rastelli) were done. The degree of tricuspid regurgitation increased during the follow-up periods from 1.3$\pm$1.4 to 2.2$\pm$1.0 in the classic repair group(p<0.05), but not in the double switch group. Two patients had complete AV block preoperatively, and additional 7(10.8%) had newly developed complete AV block after the operation. Other complications were recurrent LVOTO(10), thromboembolism(4), persistent chest tube drainage over 2 weeks(4), chylothorax(3), bleeding(3), acute renal failure(2), and mediastinitis(2). Mean follow-up was 54$\pm$49 months(0-177 months). Thirteen patients died after the operation(operative mortality rate: 20.0%(13/65)), and there were 3 additional deaths during the follow up period(overall mortality: 24.6%(16/65)). The operative mortality in patients underwent anatomic repair was 33.3%(4/12). The actuarial survival rates at 1, 5, and 10 years were 75.0$\pm$5.6%, 75.0$\pm$5.6%, and 69.2$\pm$7.6%. Common causes of death were low cardiac output syndrome(8) and heart failure from TR(5). Conclusion: Although our study could not demonstrate the superiority of each classic or anatomic repair, we found that the anatomic repair has a merit of preventing the deterioration of tricuspid valve regurgitations. Meticulous selection of the patients and longer follow-up terms are mandatory to establish the selective advantages of both strategies.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.397-403
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• 2003

Background: The research sought to identify the clinical features of pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung generally known as a rare subtype in accordance with the lung cancer classification done in 1999 by WHO. Material and Method: 250 cases of surgically resected lung cancers were collected in this hospital from January 1992 to December 2001. This study included 42 cases of pleomorphic carcinoma diagnosed through light microscope and immunohistochemistry. Result: Out of 42 cases, males represented 31, and females 11, the age ranged from 26 to 77. Main clinical symptoms included coughing, hemoptysis, sputum. Diagnoses disclosed the stage as stage la in 3 cases (7%), Ib in 16 (38%), IIa in 1 (2%), IIb in 8 (19%), IIIa in 15 (35%), and IIIb in 1 (2%). Out of these, no lymph node metastasis was represented in 23 cases (54%), while N1 and N2 involving lymph node metastasis was shown 19 cases (46%). A total of 19 patients developed metastasis, comprising the brain in 5 cases (26%), bone in 4 (21%), muscle in 4 (21%), Lymph node in 2 (10%), and 1 liver, ovary, contralateral lung, and adrenal gland, respectively. The size of the tumor ranged from 1 cm to 11 cm, averaging 5.85 cm. Out of the 42 patients, the total two-year and five-year survival rates in accordance with the Kaplan-Meier method represented 26% and 13%, respectively, These figures compared to the corresponding 44% and 34% in cases other than pleomorphic carcinoma from the survey target of 256 cases, proved to be significantly low (p<0.002). No significant difference was found in the survival rates compared between age and tumor size, between stage I and above stage II, and between N0 and above N1. Patients who developed postoperative metastasis all died, and showed significantly low survival rates (p<0.002) compared to those patients without metastasis. Conclusion: With the new diagnosis method of f999 WHO's lung cancer classification applied, pleomorphic carcinoma showed a higher prevalence rate than under previous classifications, their postoperative survival rate was significantly low compared to histologic type of non small cell lung carcinomas.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.679-688
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• 2003

The leptin receptor gene(LEPR) produces a high affinity receptor that mediates the regulation of the leptin gene. Leptin secreted from adipose tissue plays an important role in regulating feed intake and energy balance. In this study, a microsatellite marker within LEPR was selected and genotyped for the F2 population composed of 354 individuals from an intercross between Korean Native boars and Landrace sows. Totally, six alleles (255, 259, 261, 263, 265 and 267bp) and nineteen genotypes were detected in the population, of which the CE (261/265), CC (261/261) and EE (265/265) types were observed by 20.0%, 10.1% and 9.6%, respectively. Relationships between their genotypes and economic traits were analyzed. We found specific genotypes associated with economic traits such as body weight at 12 weeks of age/body fat including abdominal and trimmed fat/shear force (P〈0.001), body weight of 30 weeks of age (P〈0.01) and body weight of 3 weeks of age/back fat thickness (P〈0.05). The DD (263/263) and DF (263/267) types were associated with body weight at 3, 5, 12 and 30 weeks of age. The DF (263/267) type showed a highly significant effect on back fat thickness and body fat including abdominal and trimmed fat. The DF (263/267) type showed positive effect on shear force, whereas the BB (259/259) and DD (263/263) types negatively affected on tenderness.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 1999

The effects of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia on utilization of muscle glycogen during 45 minute Session of treadmill running(26 m/min, 8% grade) were evaluated using Sprague Dawley rats, and the characteristics of the 4 different type of muscles, I.e., soleus, white and red gastrocnemius, and plantaris, on glycogen utilization were simultaneously investigated. Hyperglycemia was induced by 145-165 mg/dL of oral glucose administration, and hyperlipidemia was induced by combined treatment of intraperitoneal heparine injection of 444 uEq/L and 10 % intralipose oral adminstration. During the hyperglycemic trial, the glycogen utilization of plantaris muscle was decreased by 13 % in 45 minute session of treadmill running compared to the control trial(p<0.05), and the glycogen utilization of white gastrocnemius was also decreased. The sparing tendency of glycogen was observed in soleus and red gastrocnemius by 5-13 % during 30 and 45 minute session of treadmill running in hyperglycemic trial. There was no glycogen sparing effect of hyperlipidemia in soleus, red gastrocnemius and plantaris muscle subjected in this experiment during exercise. However, only a slight sparing tendency of white gastrocnemius muscle was observed. In summary, the glycogen sparing effect of hyperglycemia during exercise was observed in plantaris and white gastrocnemius muscles in rats. However, there was no glycogen sparing effect of hyperlipidemia in the 4 hindlimb muscles. It was observed that the glycogen sparing effect of hyperglycemia is more prominent in fast glycolytic muscle fibers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.459-470
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• 2007

Domestically, finishing pigs are marketed at 110 kg on an average. However, it is thought to be feasible to increase the market weight to 120kg or greater without decreasing the carcass quality, because most domestic pigs for pork production have descended from lean-type lineages. The present study was undertaken to investigate the growth efficiency and profitability of ‘high’-market wt pigs and the physicochemical characteristics and consumers' acceptability of the high-wt carcass. A total of 96 (Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc-crossbred gilts and barrows were fed a finisher diet ad laibtum in 16 pens beginning from 90-kg BW, after which the animals were slaughtered at 110kg (control) or ‘high’ market wt (135 and 125kg in gilts & barrows, respectively) and their carcasses were analyzed. Average daily gain and gain:feed did not differ between the two sex or market wt groups, whereas average daily feed intake was greater in the barrow and high market wt groups than in the gilt and 110-kg market wt groups, respectively(P<0.01). Backfat thickness of the high-market wt gilts and barrows corrected for 135 and 125-kg live wt, which were 23.7 and 22.5 mm, respectively, were greater (P<0.01) than their corresponding 110-kg counterparts(19.7 & 21.1 mm). Percentages of the trimmed primal cuts per total trimmed lean (w/w), except for that of loin, differed statistically (P<0.05) between two sex or market wt groups, but their numerical differences were rather small. Crude protein content of the loin was greater in the high vs. 110-kg market group (P<0.01), but crude fat and moisture contents and other physicochemical characteristics including the color of this primal cut were not different between the two sexes or market weights. Aroma, marbling and overall acceptability scores were greater in the high vs. 110-kg market wt group in sensory evaluation for fresh loin (P<0.01); however, overall acceptabilities for cooked loin, belly and ham were not different between the two market wt groups. Marginal profits of the 135- and 125-kg high-market wt gilt and barrow relative to their corresponding 110-kg ones were approximately -35,000 and 3,500 wons per head under the current carcass grading standard and price. However, if it had not been for the upper wt limits for the A- and B-grade carcasses, marginal profits of the high market wt gilt and barrow would have amounted to 22,000 and 11,000 wons per head, respectively. In summary, 120～125-kg market pigs are likely to meet the consumers' preference better than the 110-kg ones and also bring a profit equal to or slightly greater than that of the latter even under the current carcass grading standard. Moreover, if only the upper wt limits of the A- & B-grade carcasses were removed or increased to accommodate the high-wt carcass, the optimum market weights for the gilt and barrow would fall upon their target weights of the present study, i.e. 135 and 125 kg, respectively.