• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.419-422
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• 2004

Textile wastewater from the Pusan Dyeing Industrial Complex (PDIC) was treated utilizing a two-stage continuous system, composed of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor and an activated Sludge reactor. The effects of color and organic leading rates were studied by varying the hydraulic retention time and influent glucose concentration. The maximum color load to Satisfy the legal discharge limit of color intensity in Korea (400 ADMI, unit of the American Dye Manufacturers Institute) was estimated to be 2,700 $ADMI{\cdot}L^{-1}\;day^{-1}$. This study Indicates that the two-stage anaerobic/aerobic reaction system is potentially useful in the treatment of textile wastewater.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.657-662
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• 2012

This study was carried out to evaluate the removal rate of organic and inorganic matters from landfill leachate using pre-treatment process as coagulation and limonite adsorption, and membrane process as RO (reverse osmosis) and NF(nanofiltration). By adding limonite adsorption as pre-treatment process, about 40% of organic matters in leachate was removed through pre-treatment process and 74.7% of boron was removed after RO process without pH adjustment. The rejection rate of boron in RO process mainly depends on the pH and increased at pH value of 10. RO process was performed as two stage system adjusting pH condtion to 7 and 10 in second RO stage for boron removal. Most (>90%) of TOC, Cl- and inorganic matters as Ca was rejected in first RO stage, the residue was rejected in second RO and the rejection rate was above 97%. Considering economic efficiency of operation cost, NF substituted for the first RO and total removal rate of TOC was above 90%. Through RO system toxicity to Daphnia in leachate was removed completely.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1991

The spheroidization of cold rolled lamellar pearlite in annealing at the temperatures between 600 and $700^{\circ}C$ has been studied by quantitative micrography. It was foud that the spheroidization proceeded as two stageh. The first stage was the stage of relieving the stored energy by cold work, the second was the stage of reducing the interface energy between ferrite and cementite. The spheroidization rate combining the spheroidization rate of each stages is described by the following equation : $$d(1/S)/dt=k_3{\cdot}D/_{(1/s)}\{{\sigma}V/_{(1/s)}+k_4{\cdot}{\exp}(-bt)\}$$ Where, S is the total area of the interface between ferrite and cementite per unit volume, D is the diffusion coefficient, ${\sigma}$ is the boundary energy, V is the volume fraction of the cementite, and $k_3$, $k_4$, b are constants.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.105-109
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• 2005

Purpose: We compared the clinical features of the ankle fractures treated by operation between the elderly and the young, and reviewed the principles of treatment of the ankle fractures in the elderly. Materials and Methods: We reviewed 49 cases of the ankle fractures, which were treated by open reduction from August 1991 to July 2002. Patients aged more than 60 were designated as the elderly, and patients aged between 15 and 33 were designated as the young. The average follow-up period was 13.2 months. Using the Lauge-Hansen classification, We defined stage I or II fractures as low stage and stage III or IV fractures as high stage fractures. Results: There were 15 cases of high stage fractures (78.9%) in the elderly and 11 cases (36.7%) in the young. High stage fracture rate was significantly higher in the elderly (P=0.004). Hospital day, period between primary injury and operation, and union time were significantly longer in the elderly (P<0.001). However, there was no statistical difference in immobilization time between the two groups. The results of treatment were satisfactory clinically and radiologically by the Meyer's criteria in both groups. Conclusion: In the elderly, high stage fractures were more common and longer hospitalization and union time were needed than the young. However, the result of surgical treatment was satisfactory.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.61-66
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• 1997

1986년 1월부터 1995년 12월까지 24예의 흉선종에 대한 수술적 치료를 시행하였다. 대상환자들은 남자 17명, 여자 7명이었으며, 연령은 23세 에서 69세 사이였다. 중증근무력증은 14예에서 동반되 있다. 조직학적 분류로 임파구성 12예,흔합형 8예,상피세포형 4예를 보였고, 병기학적 분류로 I기 11예, II기 4 예, III기 8예였고 VI기는 1예 있었다. 11예의 비침윤형은 모두 외과적 절제를 하였고, 침윤형 13예중 10예에서 완전절제가 가능하였고, 나머지 3예는 부분절제 또는 조직생검후 방사선치료 및 항암화학요법을 시행하였다. 25일에서 60개월의 추적 조사기간중 사망이 3예 있었고, 경과의 호전 4예, 재발 2예 및 15예의 완쾌를 관찰하였다. 근무력증을 동반한 흉선종 환자 14예중 1예가 근무력위기로 사망하였고, 2예가 증상악화, 6예가 약 용량을 감소 또는 복용을 중지하였으며 5예는 술전과 비슷한 용량의 약물치료가 필요하였다

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.1123-1127
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• 2016

Chemotherapy is the primary treatment for advanced and recurrent cervical cancer. To evaluate the survival outcomes of chemotherapy and the prognostic factors in this setting, we conducted a retrospective study by reviewing the medical records of advanced and recurrent cervical cancer patients treated with systemic chemotherapy at our institute between January, 2008 and December, 2014. One hundred and seventy-three patients met the criteria with a mean age of 50.9 years. 4.1% of them were HIV positive. The most common initial stage was stage IVB (30.1%) and the most common histology was squamous cell carcinoma (68.6%). Ninety-two (53.2%) patients were previously treated with concurrent chemoradiation with 53% developing combined sites of recurrence. The median recurrence free interval was 16.7 months. Cisplatin + 5 fluorouracil (5FU) (53.2%) was the most frequent first line chemotherapy followed by carboplatin + paclitaxel (20.2%) with an objective response of 39.3%. Seventy-two patients received subsequent chemotherapy. The median overall survival of all studied patients was 13.2 months. Only a recurrence free interval of less than 12 months was an independent prognostic factor for survival outcome. In conclusion, chemotherapy treatment for advanced and recurrent cervical cancer patients showed modest efficacy with a shorter recurrence free survival less than 12 months as a significant poor prognosis factor.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.108-112
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• 1994

Response of two ploidy levels to cool temperature and short day treatment were investigated under controlled conditione of Phytotron. The haploid and diploid of seven genotypes were started and grown to the 8- leaf stage in the greenhouse. They were treated during 15 and 20 days to 8- hour photoperiods at 18$^{\circ}C$ in controlled - environmental room to induce premature flowering, respectively. Diploid plants of seven genotypes flower later than their haploid plants at 20 days treatment. But under 15 days treatment, diploid plants of NC82, Hicks, BY4, NC2326 and Coker86 were not different from their haploid plants for days to flower. Diploid plants of seven genotypes developed the same number of leaves as their haploid plants at 20 days treatment. Under 15 days treatment, diploid plants of Coker347 and NC95 developed more leaves per plant than their haploid plants. Correlation coefficient between the ranks of leaves per plant of seven genotypes at two ploidy levels was 0.964 and 0.929 at 15 and 20 days treatment, respectively.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.3891-3893
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• 2014

Background: Most patients with endometrial cancer have stage I disease. Adjuvant therapy in stage IB (formerly IC) endometrial cancer is controversial, treatment options including observation or brachytherapy/radiotherapy in grade 1-3 patients with or without chemotherapy. The purpose of this study was to assess the outcomes of our patients with stage IB endometrioid endometrial cancer. Materials and Methods: Sixty two patients with stage IB endometrial cancer and endometrioid histology were retrospectively evaluated. All patients were initially treated surgically by the same surgeon with comprehensive staging, i.e. total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salphingooopherectomy, bilateral pelvic and paraaortic lymph node dissection and omentectomy. Adjuvant radiotherapy was discussed with patients and utilized by those who accepted. Adjuvant chemotherapy was not given to any of the patients. Results: Median age was 62 (range, 42-95). Ninety percent of the patients had grade 1-2 disease. Thirteen patients (21%) received intra vaginal brachytherapy (IVBT) and one received whole pelvic radiotherapy (WPRT). Median follow-up time was 46 months (range, 9-77 months). Three patients experienced recurrence (4.8%), two of them died on follow-up and one was still alive at last visit. Two patients with recurrence had FIGO grade 2 tumors and one had a grade 3 tumor. Two patients (3.2%) died without evidence of recurrent disease. Relapse free survival at 5 years was 94.4% and overall survival was 93.1%. Conclusions: Patients with stage IB disease in our study demonstrated relatively low recurrence rates although the majority of them received no adjuvant treatment. Surgery alone may be sufficient for most patients with this stage of endometrial cancer.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.569-584
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• 1997

본 연구는 상악골 급속확장술식 후 호흡변화와 연관된 두경부 자세의 변화와 이에 따른 설골 위치 변화의 양상을 알아보기 위하여 시행하였다. 평균연령이 12세 9개월이고 Hellman stage IIIc에서 adult stage까지의 인두강이 정상적이며 상악골 급속확장술식을 시행 한 Angle씨 III급 골격 양상의 남녀 환자 32명을 대상으로 하여 이들 중 상악골 급속확장술식 시행 후 두경부각도가 증가된 군을 A군으로, 감소된 군을 B군으로 분류하였고 대조군은 연구대상과 동일한 Hellman stage이며 평균연령 12세 7개월의 Angle씨 I급 골격양상을 띠는 남녀환자 23명으로 이들을 C군으로 하여 골격양상과 인두강크기, 두경부 자세, 설골 위치에 대한 항목을 연구하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1 골격양상과 인두강 비교 1) A, B군의 치료 전후 비교에서, 두 군 공히 하악이 하방경사되었고 인두강 크기는 변화가 없었다. 2) 세 군간의 치료 전후를 각각 비교한 결과, A, B군의 PMV에 대한 골격 양상과 인두강 크기는 정상이었다. 2. 두경부 자세 비교 1) A, B군의 치료 전후 비교에서, A군에서는 두경부 각도가 상방으로 B군은 두경부 각도와 하악하연이 하방으로 경사됨을 보였다. 2) 세 군간의 치료 전후를 각각 비교한 결과, 치료전에 두경부 각도가 A군은 정상적이었으며, B군은 정상보다 상방 경사짐을 보였다. 치료후에는 A, B군 모두 정상적인 두경부각도를 보였다. 3. 설골 위치 비교 1) A, B군의 치료 전후 비교에서, 두 군 공히 설골장축 각도의 변화가 없었고 전후방적으로 A군은 설골이 후방위치 되었으며 B군은 변화가 없었다. 수직적으로는 A군의 APHFH가 증가되었을 뿐 나머지 항목에서는 두 군 모두 변화가 없었다. 2) 세 군의 치료 전후를 각각 비교한 결과, 설골장축 각도는 A, B군 모두 정상적이었으며, 전후방적으로 치료전에 A군이 B, C군보다 설골이 전방에 위치되었으나 치료후에는 A, B군 공히 정상적 위치였었다. 설골의 수직적 위치는 치료 전후에 A, B군 모두가 정상적이었다.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.120-131
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• 2015

Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare the surgical treatment with conservative treatment and to evaluate the effectiveness of drug-holiday in bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) patients who were diagnosed as stage 2. Patients and Method: From January 2012 to October 2014, seventy-two patients who visit to Pusan National University of Dental Hospital were diagnosed as stage 2 of BRONJ. All the patients had taken computed tomography(CT) and panoramic radiography. The surgical treatment including sequestrectomy of necrotic bone and curettage of soft tissue around the sequestrum were performed to fifty patients. Twenty-two patients underwent conservative treatment such as antibiotics medications, mouth rinsing and follow up checking for every two weeks. Prognosis of treatment was classified into 3 groups - response, unresponse, and worsens - according to clinical, radiographic symptoms. P-value less than 0.05 were regarded as significant. Results: In surgery group, forty-five patients (90%) were healed without recurrence or any complication and five patients (10%) showed the wound dehiscence or infection. In conservative treatment group, fifteen patients (68.2%) were healed without any complication, four patients (18.2%) did not show improvement and three(4.2%) patients$^{\circ}{\emptyset}$ symptoms increased. P-value among groups was 0.014. Evaluation of preoperative drug-holiday in surgery group did not show the effectiveness(p=0.478). Conclusion: Statistically, the prognosis of patients with stage 2 BRONJ treated with surgery was significantly better than conservative treatment. There was no statistical difference for the preoperative drug-holiday.