• 제목/요약/키워드: Two-dimensional order

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L-spine Bone SPECT/CT에서 획득된 저선량 CT 영상을 이용한 용적 골밀도 결과의 유용성 (Usefulness of volumetric BMD measurement by using low dose CT image acquired on L-spine Bone SPECT/CT)

  • 고현수;박순기;김은혜;최종숙;정우영;이동윤
    • 핵의학기술
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    • 제27권2호
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    • pp.99-109
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    • 2023
  • Purpose: CT scan makes up for the weak point of the nuclear medicine image having a low resolution and also were used for attenuation correction on image reconstruction. Recently, many studies try to make use of CT images additionally, one of them is to measure the bone mineral density(BMD) using Quantitative CT(QCT) software. BMD exams are performed to scan lumbar and femur with DXA(Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry) in order to diagnose bone disease such as osteopenia, osteoporosis. The purpose of this study is to identify the usefulness of QCT_BMD analyzed with low dose CT images on L-spine Bone SPECT/CT comparing with DXA_BMD. Materials and Methods: Fifty five women over 50 years old (mean 66.4 ± 9.1) who took the both examinations(L-spine Bone SPECT/CT with SIEMENS Intevo 16 and DXA scan with GE Lunar prodigy advance) within 90 days from April 2017 to July 2022, BMD, T-score and disease classification were analyzed. Three-dimensional BMD was analyzed with low dose CT images acquired on L-spine Bone SPECT/CT scan on Mindways QCT PROTM software and two-dimensional BMD was analyzed on DXA scan. Basically, Lumbar 1-4 were analyzed and the patients who has lesion or spine implants on L-spine were excluded for this study. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed in BMD and T-score, chi-square test was performed in disease classification between QCT and DXA. Results: On 55 patients, the minimum of QCT_BMD was 18.10, maximum was 166.50, average was 82.71 ± 31.5 mg/cm3. And the minimum of DXA-BMD was 0.540, maximum was 1.302, average was 0.902 ± 0.201 g/cm2, respectively. The result shows a strong statistical correlation between QCT_BMD and DXA_BMD(p<0.001, r=0.76). The minimum of QCT_T-score was -5.7, maximum was -0.1, average was -3.2 ± 1.3 and the minimum of DXA_T-score was -5.0, maximum was 1.7, average was -2.0 ± 1.3, respectively. The result shows a statistical correlation between QCT T-score and DXA T-score (p<0.001, r=0.66). On the disease classification, normal was 5, osteopenia was 25, osteoporosis was 25 in QCT and normal was 10, osteopenia was 25, osteoporosis was 20 in DXA. There was under-estimation of bone decrease relatively on DXA than QCT, but there was no significant differences statistically by chi-square test between QCT and DXA. Conclusion: Through this study, we could identify that the QCT measurement with low dose CT images QCT from L-Spine Bone SPECT/CT was reliable because of a strong statistical correlation between QCT_BMD and DXA_BMD. Bone SPECT/CT scan can provide three-dimensional information also BMD measurement with CT images. In the future, rather than various exams such as CT, BMD, Bone scan are performed, it will be possible to provide multipurpose information via only SPECT/CT scan. In addition, it will be very helpful clinically in the sense that we can provide a diagnosis of potential osteoporosis, especially in middle-aged patients.

현대패션디자인에 나타난 동양의 미의식 연구 (A Study about the Aesthetics of Oriental in Modern Fashion design)

  • 임영자
    • 복식
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    • 제30권
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    • pp.261-274
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    • 1996
  • In the present age dominate by both cer-taingty of 1% and uncertainty of 99% 'Fuzzy thinking' of Bart Kosko that is the way to solve the problems by the scientific way through a worldview of Buddhism or Taoism greatly prevails around the world over 'Lateral greatly prevails around the world over 'Lateral thinking' and the authenticity or the right and-wrong of the uncertainty which is the thinking way to find the answer of the problems of illogical way of Edward de Beno against the western vertical thinking were Concurrently fashion designers over the world also adopt the oriental elements. But there exist differences of thoughts between the orient and the occident. And they have dif-ferent thinking way of aestheticism and references of the value on the beauty. Not only beauty but the view through the mind as intuitional thought in which not only the rec-ognition of sense but also the rationalism and the naturalness play key role. The aesthetic sense in the orient contains both the truth and virtue. 2) The beauty of the mean It's from the thought of neutralization of Confucius. The mean or moderation state which in harmony with ethical virtue and aes-thetic beauty is the ideal and is the ultimate. Therefore the thought of Confucian is the creativity in which the balance and the har-mony is most important. Fashion design is also one of the representation of the mean because the spirit of the designer is harmonized for-mlessly with the object of the model of the fashion design. 2) The beauty of skillfulness It indicates the Taoism of Lao-tzu and Chuangtzu. It takes a super-artistic declar-ation that human can feel and recognize the color of colorlessness the sound of sound-lessness and the taste of tastelessness. The thought of arts affected by Taoism is 'ad-vanced age' called the beauty of skillfulness. The view of arts of lao-tzu takes the beauty of cosmos and the nature as a standard. Es-pecially the beauty of inactivity is recognized by the linkage between the beauty and the ugliness. And these things appear in fashion design as a design element such as humor or exaggeration. 3) The beauty of non-dualism It is thought of Buddhism that all evil passions of worry occur form the opposition in dualism. Finally this thought leads to that everything is consistent and truth is only one from the point of view that virtue and vice has on linkage that is 'no virtues no vices' and 'one with two, two, with one, one is not two' A big tendency like this became the root forma-tion of the thought of the oriental arts. 3. Characteristics of the oriental aesthetic sense on the present fashion design 1) The formation of the fashion design on the oriental elements In the picture-incantation which was a representation of an era when the thought of 'cosmic dual forces' dominated the basic polygons of 'a circle square triangle' means both 'one two three' and 'the negative positive mean' of cosmic elements. From this point of view the was of planner cutting in the Orient is dif-ferent from that of the Occidental which is in three-dimensional. The planner polygon type of the cut-pieces comes to have the meaning of the three-dimension when they consist of a suit that has the combination of each cut-piece. This shows the consistency with the principle of cosmos creation of Taoism that one is two two is three and three is every-thing. 2) The coloring and the symbolic represen-tation of the fashion design on the orien-tal elements The sense on the colors in the Orient from the thought of 'the cosmic dual forces and the five elements' is not the experi-enced from the knowledge but contains the consideration of philosophy Five-primary-color representing compass directions Blue(East) Red(South) Yellow(Center) White (West) and Black (North) is called ' the posi-tive' for this five-primary-color secondary-color which comes from the compound of the primary colors is called 'the negative' The thought of 'the cosmic dual forces and the five elements' is also an theory containing the natural order of the cos-mos and this shows the perceptional differ-ence that they are not conceptual but to be recognized and fell directly. A thought of Buddhism which is 'Colors are colorlessness and Clolorlessness are color's proves that. 3) The pattern and symbolic representation of the fashion design on the oriental elements The pattern as a visual style is a figure of symbolic representation which adopt the mental and physical world of human and are the compo-sition of artistic revelation of the human nature and the religous thought of incantation. Es-pecially the symbolic representation of the oriental thought of Confusion. Buddhism and Taoism There are patterns such as plants aminals the oriental four gods and geometry. From the above it's the time toward the 21'th century when the world is constructing one global area and one historical zone. And the exotic mood of the Orient represented in the fashion which doesn't make the common feeling in general does not cease to develop only to express the visual modeling but also adopts the thought religion and the art which are the root of the Orientail and contains inherent willing of modeling.

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별인적반자적미도불일양(别人的盘子的味道不一样): 문화대인제령수복무평개적영향(文化对人际零售服务评价的影响) (It Doesn't Taste the same from Someone Else's Plate: The Influence of Culture in Interpersonal Retail Service Evaluations)

  • Spielmann, Nathalie;Kim, Ju-Ran
    • 마케팅과학연구
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    • 제20권2호
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    • pp.164-172
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    • 2010
  • 该研究通过测试餐厅零售设置回顾了文化对人际服务的影响. 为更好的理解他们对人际服务的期望我们研究了两种文化(加拿大和法国). 利用Hofstede的(1991)的文化维度之间的不同的解释加拿大和法国餐厅顾客的不同, 该研究证明一个潜在的有趣的研究领域: 跨文化的人际服务营销. 这表明文化维度并不独立运行,但三者互为依托. 这可以帮助零售商更好理解解释复杂的服务之间的相互作用. 在这个探索性研究,经探索性因子分析,研制出了一个包含生理和服务方面普遍运用人际服务的人格特质. 这项措施是为了更好的理解进行两种文化(加拿大和法国)之间的服务的期望,. 两种文化中均有五维结构, 但是他们有不同的的特征和群组. 我们揭示了这些特征的不同. 利用Hofstede(1991)的文化维度解释了整体的加拿大人和法国人的人格结构本研究结果为当服务转移到不同的文化中他们的感知会不一样甚至导致服务失败的原因提供了一个可能的解释. 很显然, 在加拿大和法国消费者之间有一些文化差异和根据他们他们的消费经历的总体期望的不同. 回顾法国人和加拿大人人格结构的第一个因子表明在加拿大和法国文化中个人主义/集体主义很显然不同. 第二维度也有不少的特点是相同的, 五个, 所有这一切都有个人的待遇方面的经验告诉我们, 一个餐厅服务提供商将负责: 有礼貌, 尊重和奉献. 值得注重的是, 法国维度不包括真实性和好客方面的经验, 但包含更多所固有的人际互动的特性, 例如迷人, 彬彬有礼. 第三维度的加拿大和法国的结构反映了完全不同的期望. 法国维度的中心是能量和热情, 在加拿大的维度是更加平易近人的清爽. 在法国还有外向性维度, 而加拿大有内向性维度. 这可以用Hofstede (1991)所提出的不确定避免维度的不同来解释. 第四维度似乎可以证实概括的文化差异. 加拿大人, 在不确定性规避和权力距离上较低, 更喜欢亲密和私人经验, 法国人继续期待外向性和包容的特征. 第五维度是在法国的人格结构中有清晰的表达, 在高权利距离社会中, 餐厅所扮演的角色的经验有明确的规定和规则. 这项研究表明不同的文化确实涉及到不同方面的人际关系的服务. 这在法国人和加拿大人的人格结构维度中很明显, 不仅是他们是多么不同,他们都还可从文化维度去解释. 对于人际服务, 性格特征的使用很有趣, 因为它可以解释实体和服务特征. 另外, 这个社会所固有的人际服务包含了服务人格结构的大部分维度. 社会交流是非常重要的, 尤其在跨文化的情况下. 该研究表明, 通过使用Hofstede(1991的)范式, 并不是所有的社会都有相同的期望与人际关系的服务. 另外, 传统的类型的服务也可以影响国与国之间的不同服务评价和文化. 然而, 用人格特质可能也允许零售商, 看看哪个服务特点是常见的在两种或两种以上文化的地方. 结果表明, 集体主义和个人主义的重要性, 人与人之间的服务的维度. 这种加拿大人和法国人人格结构的差异在最主要的维度上是显而易见的. 结果在解释零售商能如何转移然后测量跨文化人际服务方面有帮助.

우리나라 無人島嶼의 地理的 還境과 植物의 分布 pattern 사이의 相關性 分析 (Relationships between Geographical Conditions and Distribution Pattern of Plant Species on Uninhabited Islands in Korea)

  • 정재민;홍경낙
    • The Korean Journal of Ecology
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    • 제25권5호
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    • pp.341-348
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    • 2002
  • 본 연구는 환경부의 '전국 무인도서 자연환경조사 보고서(1999년∼2001년)'에서 발췌한 261개의 무인 도서를 대상으로 섬의 지리적 환경과 섬에 분포하는 관속식물의 종수 및 분포사이의 상관성을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 261개 도서의 평균 면적은 75,000㎡이며, 면적의 분포범위는 최소 1,l00㎡에서 최대 961,200㎡였다. 육지와의 최단거리 평균은 14.9km(150m∼51.4km)이었다. 261개 도서에서 관찰된 전체 종수는 30과 1,109 종으로, 각 도서당 관찰된 종수의 평균은 98.7종이었다. 자생식물은 1,003종(90.4%)이었으며, 귀화식물은 106종(9.6%)로 조사되었다. 그리고 조사된 전체 종수 중에서 국화과가 114종으로 가장 많았으며, 벼과 (90종), 콩과(54종), 장미과(53종) 순으로 나타났다. 261개 섬은 출현한 식물종의 구성에 근거하여 다차원척도분석을 실시한 결과 '남해그룹(130개 섬)'과 '서해그룹(131개 섬)'의 두 지역으로 뚜렷이 구분할 수 있었다. 서해그룹에 속하는 섬들은 남해그룹의 섬들에 비해 면적이 더 넓었으나(서해그룹 평균=93,000㎡, 남해그룹 평균=57,000㎡), 도서당 출현 종수는 적었다(서해그룹 평균=192, 남해그룹 평균=233). 또한 서해그룹보다는 남해그룹에만 한정적으로 분포하는 종들이 두 그룹을 구분하는데 더욱 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나서, 위도에 따른 식물 분포를 반영하고 있다. 출현하는 식물 종수에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 인자는 섬의 면적이었으며, 육지와의 최단거리와 인간의 간섭 인자 순으로 나타났다. 식물종수에 미치는 환경인자들은 서해그룹과 남해그룹에서 각기 다르게 나타났으며, 남해그룹의 섬들이 서해그룹의 섬들에 비하여 육지와의 거리가 가깝고 단위면적당 출현 종수가 많았기 때문에 보다 다양한 환경인자들에 의해 민감하게 영향을 받는 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 이상의 결과들은 무인도서 생태계 보존을 위해 중요하게 활용될 것으로 기대되며, 앞으로 인간간섭과 귀화식물종이 무인도서 생태계에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구가 계속적으로 이루어질 것이다.

Multistatic Field또는 3차원 공용보상체를 사용한 유방의 방사선 조사법의 평가 (Improved Breast Irradiation Techniques Using Multistatic Fields or Three Dimensional Universal Compensators)

  • 한영이;조재호;박희철;추성실;서창옥
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • 제20권1호
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    • pp.24-33
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    • 2002
  • 목적 : 유방보존 수술 후 행하는 방사선치료인 2문 대칭조사(two tangential field technique)시 나타나는 선량분포의 불균일성을 효과적으로 개선하기 위하여, multistatic fields의 사용법과 공용보상체 사용법을 제시하고 평가하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1) Multistatic field 방법 3차원의 치료계획용 software (RTP)를 이용하여, wedge를 사용한 2문 대칭 조사의 최적의 치료계획을 시행한 후 beam's eye view상에서 과조사가 일어나는 부분을 가리워 주도록 blocked field를 설계하고, 그 beam에 대칭되는 beam을 만들었다. 기존의 2개의 tangential field와 추가된 field의 weighting을 최적의 선량분포를 갖도록 조절하였다. 2) 공용보상체 사용법 : 1999와 2000년에 본원에서 whole-breast radiotherapy를 받은 환자 20명의 유방의 크기를 측정하고 평균하여 표준 유방 모델을 만들었다. 이 모델에 대하여 공용보상체를 설계하고, 설계된 공용보상체의 geometry를 RTP에 입력한 후 환자의 치료 계획을 수행하였다. 2문 대칭조사 치료 계획과, multistatic fields의 경우 그리고 공용 보상체를 사용한 경우의 치료계획에서의 불균일도(DII : 처방선량의 $95-105\%$를 벗어나는 PTV의 부피의 백분율), 최대선량 값$(D_{max})$ 그리고 등가선량 곡선을 각각 비교하였다. 결과 : Multistatic field 방법은 DII의 평균값을 $14.6\%$ (p value<0.000) 낮추고 $D_{max}$$4.7\%$ (p value<0.000) 낮춤으로써, 전통적인 2문 대칭 조사법보다 우수한 방법으로 확인되었다. 반면에 공용보상체의 사용은 평균 DII를 $3.7\%$ 낮추지만(p value=0.260) 평균 $D_{max}$는 거의동일 하여($0.3\%$ 감소, p value=0.867), 전통적인 방법보다 우수성이 크게는 없는 것으로 평가되었다. 그러나 환자의 체곡선이 보상체와 잘 일치하는 경우에는 DII가 $18\%$까지 감소하였다. 결론 : Multistatic field 방법은 모든 환자에 대하여 선량분포의 균일성을 전반적으로 향상시키는 효과적인 방법으로 평가되는 반면 공용보상체의 사용은 보상체의 크기가 환자의 체 윤곽과 잘 일치하는 경우만 효과적으로, 적용의 범위에는 한계가 있는 방법으로 평가되었다.

공학입문 교과 실행경험에 관한 내러티브 탐구 (Narrative Inquiry : Practical experience of an Introduction to Engineering)

  • 박경문;김태훈
    • 대한공업교육학회지
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    • 제34권2호
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    • pp.128-160
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    • 2009
  • 본 연구는 한 학기 동안 공학입문 교과목을 중심으로 일어나는 여러 가지 상황들(장소, 교사, 학생, 교과목)을 중심으로, 특히 공학입문을 가르치는 두 교사간의 상호작용을 내러티브 형식으로 기술하였다. 특히 내러티브의 3차원적 탐구 공간 속에서 학교의 문화, 공과대학, 공학인증 프로그램 등을 바탕으로 공학입문이라는 교과목을 조명하였다. 본 연구로부터 얻은 결론은 학생의 흥미유발을 위한 두 교수의 실행경험으로부터 도출되었다. 첫째, 학생의 흥미를 유발하기 위하여 파워포인터의 글씨나 배경이 좀 더 크고 선명하게 즉, 큰 강의실에 맞추어 작성되어야 한다. 또한 교과 내용을 핵심내용으로 축소하고 효과적으로 전달할 수 있는 동영상의 소개가 이전보다 많아야 한다. 둘째, 교수방법으로는 설명위주로 주어진 자료를 강의하는 것을 자재하고, 매 수업시간에 수업내용과 연계하여 학생들의 그룹 활동이나 개인 활동을 보다 많이 할 수 있도록 해야 한다. 셋째, 과제물은 부족한 수업내용을 보충하고 본 수업 이후에도 학생들에게 많은 도움이 되는 것으로 구성되어야 한다. 마지막으로, 시험문항과 형식들은 학생들의 흥미를 충분히 유발할 수 있도록 설계되어야 한다. 객관식 위주 보다는 단답형 또는 서술형 주관식으로 학생들의 창의적 생각과 깊은 통찰력을 물을 수 있는 문항으로 구성되어야 한다. 본 연구의 한계는 여러 가지로 살펴 볼 수 있다. 첫째, 케이스 연구이므로 이것을 일반화 하기는 무리가 있다. 둘째, 공학입문 교과목을 중심으로 교수들 간의 상호작용과 이에 대한 효과를 깊이 있게 연구하지 못하였다. 따라서 학기 중 담당교수들 간의 정보공유와 그에 따른 실행 경험에 대한 연구와 효과를 다루는 후속 연구가 필요하다. 셋째, 본 연구는 공학입문 교과목을 중심으로 발생하는 여러 가지 어려움들을 묘사하는데 그쳤다. 각 이슈들에 대한 묘사를 바탕으로 이에 대한 구체적인 연구가 필요하다. 이러한 이슈들을 대표적으로 살펴보면, 외국인 학생들에 대한 학교 적응이나 삶, 학생의 흥미유발 방법에 대한 실행경험, 과정중심 교육과 결과중심 교육의 실행경험, 팀 발표의 효과적인 운영 경험 등을 들 수 있다.

구조해석과 현장계측에 의한 고강도 격자지보재의 성능 평가 (Performance Evaluation of High Strength Lattice Girder by Structural Analyses and Field Measurements)

  • 이재원;민경남;정지욱;노병국;이상진;안태봉;강성승
    • 지질공학
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    • 제30권3호
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    • pp.237-251
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    • 2020
  • 본연구는 H형강 대체 지보재로 개발된 고강도 격자지보재의 성능을 평가하기 위하여 터널에서의 지보재에 대한 구조해석과 계측에 의한 터널 변위와 지중응력 변화를 살펴보았다. 터널 지보재 3차원 비선형 구조해석 결과에 의하면, H형강과 고강도 격자지보재의 하중과 변위 관계는 거의 동일한 거동을 보였으며, 고강도 격자지보재의 최대하중은 H형강보다 1.0~1.2배 크게 나타났다. 터널 지보재 3차원 터널단면해석 결과에 의하면, 축력은 터널 좌측 및 우측 하단부에서 크게 발생했으며 현장시험 계측값과 유사한 경향을 나타냈다. 천단침하 및 내공변위 계측결과에 의하면, 터널 내 강지보(H형강)와 고강도 격자지보 구간의 최종변위량은 1차 관리기준인 23.5 mm 이내의 큰 차이 없이 일정한 값으로 수렴되었다. 지중변위 계측 결과에 의하면, 두 지보재 구간의 최종변화량은 미소한 변위 변화를 보였으나, 1차 관리기준인 10 mm 이내의 일정한 값으로 수렴되었다. 숏크리트 및 강지보 응력 계측 결과에 의하면, 두 지보재 구간의 최종변화량은 미소한 응력 변화를 보였으나, 1차 관리기준인 81.1 kg/㎠과 54.2 tonf 이내의 일정한 값으로 수렴되었다. 결과적으로 강지보재와 고강도 격자지보재가 설치된 터널구간에서 계측 결과는 매우 미미한 차이를 나타냈으며, 이것은 H형강 대신 고강도 격자지보재를 터널에 적용하더라도 구조적으로 충분히 안정성을 확보할 수 있음을 의미한다.

다분류 SVM을 이용한 DEA기반 벤처기업 효율성등급 예측모형 (The Prediction of DEA based Efficiency Rating for Venture Business Using Multi-class SVM)

  • 박지영;홍태호
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.139-155
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    • 2009
  • For the last few decades, many studies have tried to explore and unveil venture companies' success factors and unique features in order to identify the sources of such companies' competitive advantages over their rivals. Such venture companies have shown tendency to give high returns for investors generally making the best use of information technology. For this reason, many venture companies are keen on attracting avid investors' attention. Investors generally make their investment decisions by carefully examining the evaluation criteria of the alternatives. To them, credit rating information provided by international rating agencies, such as Standard and Poor's, Moody's and Fitch is crucial source as to such pivotal concerns as companies stability, growth, and risk status. But these types of information are generated only for the companies issuing corporate bonds, not venture companies. Therefore, this study proposes a method for evaluating venture businesses by presenting our recent empirical results using financial data of Korean venture companies listed on KOSDAQ in Korea exchange. In addition, this paper used multi-class SVM for the prediction of DEA-based efficiency rating for venture businesses, which was derived from our proposed method. Our approach sheds light on ways to locate efficient companies generating high level of profits. Above all, in determining effective ways to evaluate a venture firm's efficiency, it is important to understand the major contributing factors of such efficiency. Therefore, this paper is constructed on the basis of following two ideas to classify which companies are more efficient venture companies: i) making DEA based multi-class rating for sample companies and ii) developing multi-class SVM-based efficiency prediction model for classifying all companies. First, the Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) is a non-parametric multiple input-output efficiency technique that measures the relative efficiency of decision making units(DMUs) using a linear programming based model. It is non-parametric because it requires no assumption on the shape or parameters of the underlying production function. DEA has been already widely applied for evaluating the relative efficiency of DMUs. Recently, a number of DEA based studies have evaluated the efficiency of various types of companies, such as internet companies and venture companies. It has been also applied to corporate credit ratings. In this study we utilized DEA for sorting venture companies by efficiency based ratings. The Support Vector Machine(SVM), on the other hand, is a popular technique for solving data classification problems. In this paper, we employed SVM to classify the efficiency ratings in IT venture companies according to the results of DEA. The SVM method was first developed by Vapnik (1995). As one of many machine learning techniques, SVM is based on a statistical theory. Thus far, the method has shown good performances especially in generalizing capacity in classification tasks, resulting in numerous applications in many areas of business, SVM is basically the algorithm that finds the maximum margin hyperplane, which is the maximum separation between classes. According to this method, support vectors are the closest to the maximum margin hyperplane. If it is impossible to classify, we can use the kernel function. In the case of nonlinear class boundaries, we can transform the inputs into a high-dimensional feature space, This is the original input space and is mapped into a high-dimensional dot-product space. Many studies applied SVM to the prediction of bankruptcy, the forecast a financial time series, and the problem of estimating credit rating, In this study we employed SVM for developing data mining-based efficiency prediction model. We used the Gaussian radial function as a kernel function of SVM. In multi-class SVM, we adopted one-against-one approach between binary classification method and two all-together methods, proposed by Weston and Watkins(1999) and Crammer and Singer(2000), respectively. In this research, we used corporate information of 154 companies listed on KOSDAQ market in Korea exchange. We obtained companies' financial information of 2005 from the KIS(Korea Information Service, Inc.). Using this data, we made multi-class rating with DEA efficiency and built multi-class prediction model based data mining. Among three manners of multi-classification, the hit ratio of the Weston and Watkins method is the best in the test data set. In multi classification problems as efficiency ratings of venture business, it is very useful for investors to know the class with errors, one class difference, when it is difficult to find out the accurate class in the actual market. So we presented accuracy results within 1-class errors, and the Weston and Watkins method showed 85.7% accuracy in our test samples. We conclude that the DEA based multi-class approach in venture business generates more information than the binary classification problem, notwithstanding its efficiency level. We believe this model can help investors in decision making as it provides a reliably tool to evaluate venture companies in the financial domain. For the future research, we perceive the need to enhance such areas as the variable selection process, the parameter selection of kernel function, the generalization, and the sample size of multi-class.

저장곡물(貯藏穀物) Bin내(內)의 삼차원(三次元) 열전달모형(熱傳達模型) (Simulation Model of Two Dimensional Heat Transfer in Grain Bin)

  • 한광진;김만수
    • 농업과학연구
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    • 제12권1호
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    • pp.118-127
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    • 1985
  • 저장곡물(貯藏穀物)의 온도(溫度)를 예측(豫測)하기 위(爲)하여 유한차공법(有限差公法)을 적용(適用)하여 圓筒形) bin에서의 이차원(二次元) 열전달모형(熱傳達模型)을 개발(開發)하였으며 이를 검정(檢定)키 위(爲)하여 밀양(密陽) 23호(號)를 공시(供試)하여 저장실험(貯藏實驗)을 수행(遂行)하였다. 1년간(年間) 곡물(穀物)을 저장(貯藏)하는 경우 저장곡물(貯藏穀物)의 각(各) 부위(部位)에 대(對)한 온도변화(溫度變化)를 분석(分析)하였으며 온도(溫度)만을 기준(基準)d로 한 곡물(穀物)의 안전저장기간(安全貯藏期間)을 분석(分析)하였다. 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 저장곡물(貯藏穀物)의 온도(溫度)를 예측(豫測)할 수 있는 이차원(二次元) 열전달모형(熱傳達模型)을 유한차공법(有限差公法)을 적용(適用)하여 개발(開發)하였으며 모형(模型)에 의(依)한 예측치(豫測値)와 실험(實驗)을 통(通)한 실측치(實測値) 간(間의 차(差)를 t 검정(檢定)한 결과(結果) 5% 유의수준(有意水準)에서 두 값 간(間)에 차이(差異)가 없었으므로 저장곡물(貯藏穀物)의 온도(溫度)는 본(本) 연구(硏究)d서 개발(開發)된 모형(模型)으로 충분(充分)히 예측(豫測)될 수 있다고 판단(判斷)되었다. 2. 저장곡물(貯藏穀物)의 온도변화(溫度變化)는 벽체 안쪽부위(部位)에서가 가장 심하였으며 6월(月) 초순(初旬)부터 9월(月) 하순(下旬)까지에는 외기(外氣)의 평균온도(平均溫度)보다 약(約) $6{\sim}7^{\circ}C$가 높은 것으로 보아 저장곡물(貯藏穀物)의 손상(損傷)은 벽체 바로 안쪽부위(部位)에서부터 시작될 것으로 판단(判斷)되었다. 3. 저장(貯藏) bin의 직경(直徑)과 저장곡물(貯藏穀物)의 퇴적(堆積) 높이가 비슷한 경우 bin내(內)의 위치(位置)에 따른 곡물(穀物)의 온도변화(溫度變化)는 수직방향(垂直方向)의 변화(變化)보다는 반경방향(半徑方向)의 변화(變化)가 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 4. 저장곡물(貯藏穀物의 안전저장온도(安全貯藏溫度)의 한계(限界)를 $15^{\circ}C$라고 할 때 대체(大體)로 4월(月) 하순(下旬)d서 10월(月) 중순(中旬)까지 곡물(穀物)의 안전저장(安全貯藏)의 한계(限界)를 벗어나고 있어 이에 대(對)한 대응책(對應策)이 강구되어야 할 것으로 판단(判斷)되었다.

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한국인삼론(韓國人蔘論) (Current Status of Korean Ginseng Research)

  • 한병훈
    • 생약학회지
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    • 제3권3호
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    • pp.151-160
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    • 1972
  • Recent achievements of scientific research on the pharmacologic activities and the chemical problems of dammalene glycosides, which are considered to be effective principles of Korean ginseng, are reviewed and analyzed in view of structure-activity relationship. 1) S. Shibata and his co-workers detected 12 glycoside spots of dammalene series on the two dimensional T.L.C. of total glycoside fraction from Japanese ginseng, and designated them Ginsenoside Rx(x=a, b, c, g, h, etc.) in the order of increasing Rf-value. The aglycones of those glycosides were characterized to be protopanaxadiol for the Ginsenoside $Rx(x=a,\;b_{1},\;b_{2},\;c,\;d,\;e,\;f)$ and protopanaxatriol for the Ginsenoside $Rx(x=g_{1},\;g_{2},\;g_{3},\;h_{1}\;'h_{2})$. Using Korean ginseng as the material for our study, the author and his coworkers isolated a new dammalene glycoside(Panax Saponin C), which comes under the category of protopanaxadiol glycosides based on the classification of S. Shibata et al., and characterized this saponin to be the glycoside of protopanaxatriol series. Furthermore, Panax Saponin C dissociated into $two\;components(C_{1}\;and\;C_{2}-acetate)$ by acetylation, both of which returned to original Panax Saponin C by deacetylation. Based on this result, more than 13 glycoside components of dammalene series will be expected in the Korean ginseng. 2) The structures of protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol, the genuine aglycones of dammalene glycosides, are fully established to be structural analogues by S. Shibata and his co-workers, therefore antagonistic and/or analogical activities will be expected for the pharmacologic activities of these glycoside series of structural analogues. K. Takaki and his co-workers found central nervous system (CNS) stimmulant activity from the glycosides of protopanaxatriol series and CNS-depressant activity from the glycosides of protopanaxadiol series. On the other hand, the author and his co-workers found stimmulating activity on the protein synthesis from both the series of dammalene glycosides with delayed and long-lasting characteristics. This delayed and long-lasting characteristics were also observed in the anti-inflammatory activity of glycosides of protopanaxatriol series on their time course tendency. For the convenience's sake of argument, pluralistic pharmacologic activities of dammalene glycosides, which were observed by many workers at various pharmacologic site, may be classified into two main categories; one is pan-cellular activity and the other is organ specific activity to the certain tissue which is a mass of cells differentiated to a certain direction for their special functions in the body. Based on the data of K. Takaki and those of the authors, following assumption will be probable; Pharmacologic activities of both series of glycosides of protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol aglycones may be antagonistic on their tissue-specific activities and analogic on their pan-cellular activities. Therefore, the mixture of these two series of glycosides in an appropriate ratio, as the case of total extract of Korean ginseng, will be probably beneficial to the host by increasing the synthesis of some functional proteins, due to the additive action of pan-cellular activity, and with the disappearance of any significant behavioral symptoms due to the antagonism of tissue specific activity. This fact will probably be the main reason why classical trials of pharmacologists failed in re-discovering the efficacy of Korean ginseng with their behavioral test. 3) The author and his co-workers achieved the synthesis of $C^{14}-labelled\;Panax\;Saponin\;A\;on\;C_{25}-C_{27}\;position\;of\;aglycone$ in the interest of tracer studies in vivo. The method will be applicable to other dammalene glycosides regardless of their chemical structure. 4) The author and his co-workers converted chemically betulafolienetriol, a triterpene component of Betula platyphylla, to the protopanaxadiol, one of genuine aglycone of dammalene glycosides.

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