• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2015

Objective : Optimal treatment decision and estimation of the prognosis in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is currently based on demographic and clinical predictors. But sometimes, there are limitations in these factors. In this study, we analyzed three central nervous system biomarkers in TBI patients, will discuss the roles and clinical applications of biomarkers in TBI. Methods : From July on 2013 to August on 2014, a total of 45 patients were included. The serum was obtained at the time of hospital admission, and biomarkers were extracted with centrifugal process. It was analyzed for the level of S-100 beta (S100B), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1). Results : This study included 33 males and 12 females with a mean age of 58.5 (19-84) years. TBI patients were classified into two groups. Group A was severe TBI with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score 3-5 and Group B was mild TBI with GCS score 13-15. The median serum concentration of S100B, GFAP, and UCH-L1 in severe TBI were raised 5.1 fold, 5.5 fold, and 439.1 fold compared to mild injury, respectively. The serum levels of these markers correlated significantly with the injury severity and clinical outcome (p<0.001). Increased level of markers was strongly predicted poor outcomes. Conclusion : S100B, GFAP, and UCH-L1 serum level of were significantly increased in TBI according to severity and associated clinical outcomes. Biomarkers have potential utility as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic adjuncts in the setting of TBI.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1494-1500
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• 2012

Fermentation with filamentous fungi in a bioreactor is a complex dynamic process that is affected by flow conditions and the evolution of the rheological properties of the medium. These properties are mainly affected by the biomass concentration and the morphology of the fungus. In this work, the rheological properties of a fermentation with the fungus Beauveria bassiana under different hydrodynamic conditions were studied and the rheological behavior of this broth was simulated through a mixture of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium and cellulose fibers (CMCNa-SF). The bioreactor was a 10 L CSTR tank operated at different stir velocities. Rheological results were similar at 100 and 300 rpm for both systems. However, there was a significant increase in the viscosity accompanied by a change in the consistence index, calculated according to the power law model, for both systems at 800 rpm. The systems exhibited shear-thinning behavior at all stir velocities, which was determined with the power law model. The mixing time was observed to increase as the cellulose content in the system increased and, consequently, the efficiency of mixing diminished. These results are thought to be due to the rheological and morphological similarities of the two fungal systems. These results will help in the optimization of scale-up production of these fungi.

• 대기
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.389-405
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• 2015

In this study, the occurrence circumstances of 3 cases (12 Jan 2006, 11 Jan 2008, 22 Feb 2009) when the freezing rain was observed at more than two observatories in a day with more than three times each observatory, were investigated. Following the advanced study about the same cases, we have tried to find more delicate differences in using the Korea Local Analysis and Prediction System (KLAPS; 5 km reanalysis data) that has the smallest grid scale at current situation. As results, three common characteristics are found: (1) Just before the occurrence of the freezing rain, the wind direction was consistently continuous and the wind speed was constant or gradually increased for at least 3 hr more. (2) Surface air temperature (Relative humidity) was respectively $3.08^{\circ}C$ (28.76%), $0.47^{\circ}C$ (50.07%) and $-3.60^{\circ}C$ (71.07%) 3 hr ago to break out the freezing rain. It means the freezing rain occurs in a wide range of atmospheric environments. However, the closer it got to the occurrence time of the freezing rain, the closer the surface air temperature was to $0^{\circ}C$, and the bigger the humidity of the surface air was. (3) The liquid precipitation formed in the upper atmosphere, met a cold advection bellower than 950 hPa level and suspected to be changed to the super-cooled condition.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.267-277
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• 2017

Base-isolation is now being adopted as a retrofitting strategy to improve seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete (r.c.) framed structures subjected to far-fault earthquakes. However, the increase in deformability of a base-isolated framed building may lead to amplification in the structural response under the long-duration horizontal pulses of high-magnitude near-fault earthquakes, which can become critical once the strength level of a fire-weakened r.c. superstructure is reduced. The aim of the present work is to investigate the nonlinear seismic response of fire-damaged r.c. framed structures retrofitted by base-isolation. For this purpose, a five-storey r.c. framed building primarily designed (as fixed-base) in compliance with a former Italian seismic code for a medium-risk zone, is to be retrofitted by the insertion of elastomeric bearings to meet the requirements of the current Italian code in a high-risk seismic zone. The nonlinear seismic response of the original (fixed-base) and retrofitted (base-isolated) test structures in a no fire situation are compared with those in the event of fire in the superstructure, where parametric temperature-time curves are defined at the first level, the first two and the upper levels. A lumped plasticity model describes the inelastic behaviour of the fire-damaged r.c. frame members, while a nonlinear force-displacement law is adopted for the elastomeric bearings. The average root-mean-square deviation of the observed spectrum from the target design spectrum together with a suitable intensity measure are chosen to select and scale near- and far-fault earthquakes on the basis of the design hypotheses adopted.

• 대한불안의학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2015

Objective : The current study investigated the prevalence and clinical characteristics of sexual exhibitionism and frotteurism, which was conducted for the first time in Korea. Methods : Among 568 total subjects (mean age $19.28{\pm}5.0$ year), 109 were victims of sexual exhibitionism (19.2%, VSE) of which 57 were females (91.9 percent) ; and 57 were victims of sexual frotteurism (10.9%, VSF) of which 57 were females (91.9%). The participants completed the self-reported scale for epidemiological and clinical characteristics. Results : Incident frequencies of above two times of VSE and VSF were 49 (50.0%) and 20 (32.3%), respectively. Incident locations of VSE were school/office 37 (33.3%), street 28 (25.6%), and near home 20 (18.3%). Also, incident locations of VSE were inside of bus 12 (19.3%), subway 12 (19.3%), subway/bus station 8 (12.9%), near home 8 (12.9%), and school/office 7 (11.3%). Notifying rate of VSE and VSF to the police were 7.3% and 0%, respectively. Also, notifying rate of VSE and VSF to family or friends were 72.5% and 58.1%, respectively Conclusion : These results suggested that VSE and VSF had a common prevalence, which could be different from behavioral and emotional characteristics of a control group ; and the victims were shown to require an active intervention by supportive social system.

• 대기
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.627-637
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• 2019

Severe and long-lasting heat waves over Korea and many regions in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) during the 2016 summer, have been attributed to global warming and atmospheric teleconnection coupled with tropical convective activities. Yet, what controls subseasonsal time scale of heat wave has not been well addressed. Here we show a critical role of two dominant boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) modes, denominated as BSISO1 and BSISO2, on modulating temporal structure of heat waves in the midst of similar climate background. The 2016 summer was characterized by La Nina development following decay of strong 2015/2016 El Nino. The NH circumglobal teleconnection pattern (CGT) and associated high temperature anomalies and heat waves were largely driven by convective activity over northwest India and Pakistan during summer associated with La Nina development. However, the heat wave event in Korea from late July to late August was accompanied by the phase 7~8 of 30~60-day BSISO1 characterized by convective activity over the South China Sea and Western North Pacific and anticyclonic circulation (AC) anomaly over East Asia. Although the 2010 summer had very similar climate anomalies as the 2016 summer with La Nina development and CGT, short-lasting but frequent heat waves were occurred during August associated with the phase 1~2 of 10~30-day BSISO2 characterized by convective activity over the Philippine and South China Sea and AC anomaly over East Asia. This study has an implication on importance of BSISO for better understanding mechanism and temporal structure of heat waves in Korea.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제31권11A호
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• pp.1130-1137
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• 2006

다수의 MD 태그들로부터 발신된 메시지들 사이의 충돌을 빠르게 해소하는 일은 대규모 RFID 시스템의 성능을 결정짓는 중요한 문제이다. 본 논문에서는 충돌방지 (anti-collision) 알고리즘의 성능 향상을 위하여 다중 패킷 수신 (multi-packet reception) 기법을 사용할 것을 제안한다. 다중 패킷 수신 기법을 통해서 RFID 판독기는 동시에 전송된 다수의 태그를 충돌없이 수신 할 수 있다. 대표적인 충돌방지기법인 이진 트리 분리 (binary-tree-splitting) 알고리즘과 슬롯 알로하 (Slotted-Aloha) 알고리즘에 다중 패킷 수신 기법을 적용했을 경우의 성능향상을 분석하는 모델을 제안하고 제안된 분석모델의 정확성을 시뮬레이션을 통해서 비교 검증한다. 다중 패킷 수신기법 적용 시 큰 폭의 성능향상이 있음을 보이고, 다중 패킷 수신 기법의 이득을 최대화하기 위해서는 RFID 판독기 안테나 디자인과 수신 신호 분리 기술이 중요함을 보인다.

• 한국정보통신설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신설비학회 2008년도 정보통신설비 학술대회
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• pp.469-472
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• 2008

In this paper, we discuss the recent trends on the passive UHF RFID tag chip design techniques and several important system parameters. We also summarize link budget studies on both conventional and modem UHF RFID communications. The paper highlights the reverse link limited case, which has known to be the minor concern if reader continuous wave (CW) can reach the tag in sufficient level. This makes sense when the tag sensitivity is rather high (over 10-12${\mu}W$); however, since the tag chip fabrication technologies have been developed by time, the tag chip threshold levels are now less-dominant in determining link margin. If the tag limitation can be alleviated, the forward link limited case can be resolved; thus, we rather focus on the path-loss problem. Since the path-losses are still exist in both forward and reverse links, and it can be doubled while CW travels the reader-tag-reader path because forward link and reverse link are on the same distance. Consider if reader receiver sensitivity is very high in the worst case. In this case, weaken tag response (i.e., backscatters) cannot reach the level that reader receiver can process tag data; bit-error rate can be higher. Overall, backscatter levels should be high enough so that reader receiver can correctly function. After discussing link budget, we carried out practical measurements on fading effects between two circularly polarized UHF RFID antennas in a small scale area.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.317-324
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• 2010

In recent years, many automatic classification approaches have been employed. An automatic classification method can be effective, time-saving and can produce objective results due to the exclusion of operator intervention. This paper proposes a classification method based on automated training for high resolution multispectral images using ancillary data. Generally, it is problematic to automatically classify high resolution images using ancillary data, because of the scale difference between the high resolution image and the ancillary data. In order to overcome this problem, the proposed method utilizes the classification results of a Landsat image as a medium for automatic classification. For the classification of a Landsat image, a maximum likelihood classification is applied to the image, and the attributes of ancillary data are entered as the training data. In the case of a high resolution image, a K-means clustering algorithm, an unsupervised classification, was conducted and the result was compared to the classification results of the Landsat image. Subsequently, the training data of the high resolution image was automatically extracted using regular rules based on a RELATIONAL matrix that shows the relation between the two results. Finally, a high resolution image was classified and updated using the extracted training data. The proposed method was applied to QuickBird and SPOT-5 images of non-accessible areas. The result showed good performance in accuracy assessments. Therefore, we expect that the method can be effectively used to automatically construct thematic maps for non-accessible areas and update areas that do not have any attributes in geographic information system.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the safety of 'Gamitaeeumjowee-tang' by analyzing adverse events in weight loss program in combination with 'Gamitaeeumjowee-tang' and low-calorie diet. Methods: A retrospective review of adverse events in weight loss program in combination with 'Gamitaeeumjowee-tang' and low-calorie diet from the electronic medical chart (n=124) between June 2015 and December 2016 was conducted. Three Korean Medicine Doctors (KMDs) reviewed adverse events for two times, during week 2 to 4 and at week 10, after starting weight loss program. Adverse events were evaluated in terms of causality, severity and system-organ classes. Also, agreement among the three KMDs was made through further discussion in case of disagreement after independent review. Results: The overall rate of adverse events was 37.1% during week 2 to 4 and 16.9% at week 10. For causality of adverse events using the World Health Organization-Uppsala Monitoring Centre causality categories, 52.2% were evaluated 'possible' at week 2-4 and 57.1% were evaluated 'unlikely' at week 10. All symptoms were evaluated as 'mild' by LDS scale. Nausea (15, 12.1%) was the most frequent adverse event at week 2-4 and dizziness (6, 4.8%) was the most common at week 10. Conclusions: Adverse events decreased over time. There were no serious adverse events and none of the subjects were dropped due to adverse events. Continuous study is needed to prove the safety of 'Gamitaeeumjowee-tang' for treating obesity.