• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1125-1135
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• 2010

A fundamental characteristic of PMHT (Probabilistic Multi-Hypothesis Tracker) is that the number of targets and initial states of targets in the surveillance area must be a priori known. This requirement is impossible to fulfil in almost every realistic scenario. In the paper, we present two track initiation methods to solve the problem. The proposed track initiation methods are 2-point track initiation and Hough transform track initiation, and they are used to evaluate track initial states and weights for FTD (False Track Discrimination) of the PMHT algorithm. Also suggested as automatic target detection for tracking systems that combines track initiation for target detection with the PMHT algorithm for target tracking in a cluttered environment. A series of Monte-Carlo simulation runs is employed to evaluate the overall system performance with the two track initiation methods and the results are compared and analyzed.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.377-382
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• 2007

Purpose: Hook nail deformity is caused by inadequately supported nail bed due to loss of distal phalanx or lack of soft tissue, resulting in a claw-like nail form. A composite graft from the foot bencath the nail bed gives adequate restoration of tip pulp. Methods: From September of 1999 to March of 2004, six patients were treated for hook nail deformity and monitored for long term follow up. Donor sites were the lateral side of the big toe or instep area of the foot. We examined cosmetic appearance and nail hooking and sensory test. The curved nail was measured by the picture of before and after surgery. Results: In all cases, composite grafts were well taken, and hook nail deformities were corrected. The curved nail of the 4 patients after surgery were improved to average $28.7^{\circ}$ from average $55.2^{\circ}$ before surgery. The static two point discrimination average was 6.5mm and the moving two point discrimination average was 5.8mm in the sensory test. Conclusion: Composite graft taken from foot supports the nail bed with the tissue closely resembling the fingertip tissue, making it possible for anatomical and histological rebuilding of fingertip.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.9-14
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• 2009

Purpose: This study examined the effect of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) on improving the hand function in hemiplegic side. Methods: Ten subjects without a control group were given CIMT to the hemiplegic side for 3 weeks. The effects of their hand function and sensibility were examined using a MAL and two point discrimination test. Repeated ANOVA was carried out for an analysis of the effects of the application of CIMT before and after treatment. Results: The participants showed significant improvement in their functional aspect with CIMT while there were no significant changes in the time domain variables. There was significant improvement in the quantitative and qualitative aspect of MAL, as well as significant improvement in the two-point discrimination function in all fingers. Conclusion: CIMT can enhance the motor function and sensory function of the hand in hemiplegic patients.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.1951-1972
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• 2018

Wi-Fi Access Point (AP) optimization approaches are used in indoor positioning systems for signal coverage enhancement, as well as positioning precision improvement. Although the huge power consumption of the AP optimization forms a serious problem due to the signal coverage requirement for large-scale indoor environment, the conventional approaches treat the problem of power consumption independent from the design of indoor positioning systems. This paper proposes a new Fast Water-filling algorithm Group Power Constraint (FWA-GPC) based Wi-Fi AP optimization approach for indoor positioning in which the power consumed by the AP optimization is significantly considered. This paper has three contributions. First, it is not restricted to conventional concept of one AP for one candidate AP location, but considered spare APs once the active APs break off. Second, it utilizes the concept of water-filling model from adaptive channel power allocation to calculate the number of APs for each candidate AP location by maximizing the location fingerprint discrimination. Third, it uses a fast version, namely Fast Water-filling algorithm, to search for the optimal solution efficiently. The experimental results conducted in two typical indoor Wi-Fi environments prove that the proposed FWA-GPC performs better than the conventional AP optimization approaches.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.144-154
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• 2001

Dysfunction of the inferior alveolar nerve indicated by various degree of numbness of the lower lip and chin is one of the few drawbacks of mandibular osteotomy, especially Bilateral Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy(BSSRO) and genioplasty. Although it has been recorded throughout the history of this techniques, it is true etiology poorly understood. In this study, 22 consecutive patients under class III malocclusiion impression and undergoing orthognathic surgery(BSSRO only 11 case, BSSRO with genioplasty 11 case) were studied using 4 neurosensory test(static light touch, directional discrimination, two-point discrimination, pin pressure nociception) with post OP 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks, On control group, 10 members without trauma and nerve damage history, nerve test was accomplished. We concluded majority of patients return of sensation during post operative 24 weeks. Althought immediate nerve deficit are 92.2%, 97.2% 88.9% these are recovered to 25%, 35.72%, 10.71% at 24 weeks. Nerve recovery rate increased prominently between post 4 weeks and 8 weeks. There is no statistically difference about neurosensory deficit among the chin area. Neurosensory deficit more severe when the BSSRO with genioplasty group than the only BSSRO group. Immediate neurosensory deficit is larger left side than right side but after 6 months, there is no significantly difference between left side and right side. Static light touch and pin pressure nociception are more sensitive method of neurosensory deficit than two point discrimination.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.663-668
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• 2011

Purpose: A modified free thenar flap was designed for coverage of volar finger defect with constant innervation using the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve. After clinical application of this flap, sensory results were evaluated in 6 cases. Methods: Patients were selected who have volar soft tissue defect with or without fingertip defect. The six cases of the innervated free thenar flap were performed since September 2009, and sensory outcomes were evaluated by the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament and two-point discriminator at four and half month after the surgery. Results: The Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament test revealed 3 cases showed 2.83, 1 case showed 3.61, 1 case showed 4.31 and 1 case showed 4.56. The static two-point discrimination test revealed 1 case showed 4 mm, 1 case showed 6 mm, 2 cases showed 9 mm, and 2 cases showed over 15 mm. The moving two-point discrimination test revealed 1 case showed 3 mm, 1 case showed 4 mm, 1 case showed 5 mm, 1 case showed 7 mm, and 2 cases showed over 15 mm. The donor sites showed no significant limitation of the thumb and neuroma formation. Conclusion: The innervated free thenar flap showed good sensory outcomes as a sensate free flap in a short time after surgery. It can be an option for coverage of volar finger defects that requires sensation.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.127-143
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• 2010

This study explores children's sex differences of emotion discrimination from facial expressions based on two dimensional model of emotion. The study group consisted of 92 children, of 40, 52, and 64 months of age, and the rate of male and female children was male children (50%) and female children (50%). Children of 92 were required to choose facial expressions related the twelve emotion terms. Facial expressions applied for experiment are used the photographs rated the degree of expression in each of the two dimensions (pleasure-displeasure dimension and arousal-sleep dimension) on a nine-point scale from 54 university students. The experimental findings appeared that the sex differences were distinctly the arousal-sleep dimension than the pleasure-displeasure dimension. In the arousal-sleep dimensionoussleepness, anger, comfort, and loneliness' emotions showed large sex differences over 1 value. Especially, while male children showed high arousal more than female children in the emotions like 'sleepiness, anger and loneliness', female children showed high arousal more than male children in 'comfort' emotion.

• International Journal of Safety
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2002

Kullback Discrimination Information (KDI) is one of the pattern recognition methods. KDI defined as a measure of the mutual dissimilarity computed between two time series was studied for detection and classification of bearing flaking on outer-race and inner-races. To model the damages, the bearings in normal condition, outer-race flaking condition and inner-races flaking condition were provided. The vibration sensor was attached by the bearing housing. This produced the total 25 pieces of data each condition, and we chose the standard data and measure of distance between standard and tested data. It is difficult to detect the flaking because similar pulses come out when balls pass the defection point. The detection and classification method for inner and outer races are defected by KDI and nearest neighbor classification rule is proposed and its high performance is also shown.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.533-538
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• 2008

Purpose: Sensory changes in the upper limb are complications of a mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction with the treatment of breast cancer. The purpose of this study is to clarify whether immediate breast reconstruction worsens the sensory changes. Methods: From March 2004 to December 2005, 20 patients who had a mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction(reconstruction group) were compared with 23 patients who had a mastectomy alone(control group). All patients had stage I or II breast cancer. The sensory changes were assessed in a blind manner by one examiner that used light touch sensation, static two-point discrimination, pain, vibration, hot and cold temperature perception. The sensory changes were identified along the sensory dermatome for diagnosing the damaged nerves. The following factors and their relationship with the sensory changes were analyzed : age, complications, and the mastectomy method. Results: There was no statistical difference in the static two-point discrimination, pain, vibration, hot and cold temperature perception between the two groups. However, the ability to recognize light touch was significantly better(p=0.045) in the reconstruction group than in the control group. The main site of sensory change was the proximal and medial portion of the upper limb in both groups. At these sites, the mean value of Semmes-Weinstein monofilament was $1.01g/mm^2$(reconstruction group 0.82, control group 1.17) and 2-point discrimination was 51.74(converted to perfect score of 100; reconstruction group 42.50, control group 59.78). The total rate of early complications was found to be significantly lower(p=0.006) in the reconstruction group than in the control group. Conclusion: These findings suggest that an immediate breast reconstructive procedure following a mastectomy is as safe as or safer than a mastectomy alone with respect to postoperative sensory changes of the ipsilateral upper limb.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.332-338
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of postural control and locomotion on improvement of two point discrimination (TPD), stereognosis (ST) through somatosensory training (SST) on the upper limb (UL). Methods: The subjects were 20 hemiplegia patients who have problems with unilateral neglect after stroke. The patients were divided into two groups, the experimental group (EG) and the control group (CG). In the EG, SST for TPD, ST was performed 18 times, three times a week for six weeks, together with physical therapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT). In the CG conventional PT and OT without SST was performed for six weeks. Several assessment tools were used in comparison of groups; two point discrimination test (TPDT) on forearm (F), thenar (T), hypothenar (TH), thumb tip (TH-T), index finger tip (IN-T), stereognosis test (ST), postural assessment scale for stroke (PASS), and clinical test of sensory interaction on balance (CTSIB) and timed up and go test (TUG). Results: In the CG, conventional PT and OT resulted in statistically improved TPDT (F), ST, PASS, and TUG. In the EG, SST resulted in statistically improved TPDT (F, T, HT, TH-T, IN-T), ST, PASS, and TUG. TPDT-T, ST, and CTSIB with length of displacement with eye open (LDEO) also showed significant improvement between the groups. Conclusion: In both groups TPDT ST, PASS and TUG, and SST had effects on the UL and TPDT, ST and static postural control had greater effects compared with the PG. Therefore, we could assume that TPD and ST are very important in performing human activities including postural control and locomotion.