• 한국안전학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2022

Most factories deal with toxic or flammable chemicals in their industrial processes. These hazardous substances pose a risk of leakage due to accidents, such as fire and explosion. In the event of chemical release, massive casualties and property damage can result; hence, quantitative risk prediction and assessment are necessary. Several methods are available for evaluating chemical dispersion in the atmosphere, and most analyses are considered neutral in dispersion models and under far-field wind condition. The foregoing assumption renders a model valid only after a considerable time has elapsed from the moment chemicals are released or dispersed from a source. Hence, an initial dispersion model is required to assess risk quantitatively and predict the extent of damage because the most dangerous locations are those near a leak source. In this study, the dispersion model for initial consequence analysis was developed with three-dimensional unsteady advective diffusion equation. In this expression, instantaneous leakage is assumed as a puff, and wind velocity is considered as a coordinate transform in the solution. To minimize the buoyant force, ethane is used as leaked fuel, and two different diffusion coefficients are introduced. The calculated concentration field with a molecular diffusion coefficient shows a moving circular iso-line in the horizontal plane. The maximum concentration decreases as time progresses and distance increases. In the case of using a coefficient for turbulent diffusion, the dispersion along the wind velocity direction is enhanced, and an elliptic iso-contour line is found. The result yielded by a widely used commercial program, ALOHA, was compared with the end point of the lower explosion limit. In the future, we plan to build a more accurate and general initial risk assessment model by considering the turbulence diffusion and buoyancy effect on dispersion.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2009

This paper presents one and two dimensional simulation results with discontinuous features (shocks) of capacitively coupled rf plasmas. The model consists of the first two and three moments of the Boltzmann equation for the ion and electron fluids respectively, coupled to Poisson's equation for the self-consistent electric field. The local field and drift-diffusion approximations are not employed, and as a result the charged species conservation equations are hyperbolic in nature. Hyperbolic equations may develop discontinuous solutions even if their initial conditions are smooth. Indeed, in this work, secondary electron emission is shown to produce transient electron shock waves. These shocks form at the boundary between the cathodic sheath (CS) and the quasi-neutral (QN) bulk region. In the CS, the electrons emitted from the electrode are accelerated to supersonic velocities due to the large electric field. On the other hand, in the QN the electric field is not significant and electrons have small directed velocities. Therefore, at the transition between these regions, the electron fluid decelerates from a supersonic to a subsonic velocity in the direction of flow and a jump in the electron velocity develops. The presented numerical results are consistent with both experimental observations and kinetic simulations.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제44권7호
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• pp.553-563
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• 2011

분포형 유출모형에 대하여는 컴퓨터의 발달과 지리정보시스템의 구축 및 관련정보의 제공이 활성화되면서 최근 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 이러한 분포형 유출모형은 대상유역을 보다 세분 요소화하여 계산하는 이론적이고 물리적인 기반의 모형이다. 본 연구에서는 토지피복 상태에 따라 결정되는 매개변수와 2차원 확산파 방정식에 기초하여 지표면에서의 유출량을 계산하는 모형을 개발하였다. 기존에 연구되었거나 개발 중인 유출모형은 대부분 Manning-Strickler의 평균 유속공식과 Manning 조도계수를 이용하여 유속과 유량을 산정하고 있다. Manning 조도계수는 사용상의 편의성 때문에 보편적으로 사용하고 있으나, 차원이 일치하지 않고 추정 시 모호한 문제점이 있다. 이러한 문제를 개선하기 위해 본 연구에서는 Manning-Strickler식뿐만 아니라 차원이 일치하는 Chezy의 평균유속공식을 적용하여 유출모형을 개발하였다. 또한, Chezy의 마찰계수를 적용하기 위하여 조고의 함수로 표현되는 지수형 마찰계수 산정식을 도입하였다. 따라서 모호한 조도계수의 개념을이용하지 않고 거친 정도를수치화하여 물리적인 의미를 가진마찰계수를 산정하고 적용 가능성을 검토하였다. 본 연구에서는 개발된 모형을 부채꼴 실험유역과 장방형 실험유역 및 실제유역인 안성천유역을 대상으로 6개의 사상을 적용하여 그 적용성을 확인하였다.

• KIEE International Transactions on Electrophysics and Applications
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• 제2C권5호
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• pp.246-252
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• 2002

Two-dimensional steady state simulations of planar type radio frequency inductively coupled plasma (RFICP) have been performed. The characteristics of RFICP were investigated in terms of power transfer efficiency, equivalent circuit analysis, spatial distribution of plasma density and electron temperature. Plasma density and electron temperature were determined from the equations of ambipolar diffusion and energy conservation. Joule heating, ionization, excitation and elastic collision loss were included as the source terms of the electron energy equation. The electromagnetic field was calculated from the vector potential formulation of ampere's law. The peak electron temperature decreases from about 4eV to 2eV as pressure increases from 5 mTorr to 100 mTorr. The peak density increases with increasing pressure. Electron temperatures at the center of the chamber are almost independent of input power and electron densities linearly increase with power level. The results agree well with theoretical analysis and experimental results. A single turn, edge feeding antenna configuration shows better density uniformity than a four-turn antenna system at relatively low pressure conditions. The thickness of the dielectric window should be minimized to reduce power loss. The equivalent resistance of the system increases with both power and pressure, which reflects the improvement of power transfer efficiency.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.37-46
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• 1989

본 연구는 호소의 2차원 수질해석을 위해 흐름의 기본 방정식과 확산이송 방정식에 유한요소법을 도입하여 모의한 것으로, 얻은 결론은 다음과 같다. 1.단순화된 1차원 수로에서의 모형검정 결과 수치해와 정확해가 거의 일치하므로 모형의 알고리즘이 잘 구성 되었음이 입증되며, 적용결과 실측치와의 비교에서도 만족할만한 결과가 도출되어 모형의 적용 가능성이 시사되었다. 2. 삽교호의 BOD, COD, T-N, T-P, 및 SS의 농도분포가 2차원적으로 해석되었다. 3. 비점오염원의 비중이 높아 오염부하량 산정이 어려운 T-N, T-P를 사용하지 않고 COD를 모의 하므로서 부영양상태를 예측할 수 있도록 하였다. 본 연구결과는 하구언 및 방조제 등으로 인한 호수와 같이 수심에 비해 폭이 넓은 자연수역의 수질 해석에 적용될 수 있으며 이를 활용하므로서 용수취수지점의 선택, 하천 방류수의 처리기준 선정등, 수자원의 효율적인 이용 관리와 수질 대책 수립에 이용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 물과 미래
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.187-198
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• 1996

난류전단 흐름에서의 비정상 수평 선오염원의 확산에 관한 수치모형을 개발하였다. 계산기법으로는 비정상 이송확산 방정식을 종방향 이송 및 연직방향 확산으로 분리하고, 이들 방정식을 방시간 간격에 대하여 번갈아 계산하는 단계분리 유한차분기법을 사용하였다. 종방향 이송방정식에 대해서는 Holly-Preissmann 기법을, 연직방향 확산방정식에 대해서는 Crank-Nicholson 기법을 각각 적용하였다. 개발된 모형을 난류전단 흐름에서의 정상 수평 선오염원의 확산 문제에 적용하여 계산결과를 반해석해와 비교함으로써 모형을 검증하였다. 또한 난류전단 흐름내로 순간적으로 방류된 면오염원의 확산문제에 계산모형을 적용하였다. 마찰계수에 대한 민감도 분석 결과, 동일한 무차원 시각에서의 혼합 정도는 마찰계수에 관계없이 거의 일정한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 동일한 정도의 혼합상태에 도달하는 데 소요되는 유하거리는 마찰계수의 제곱근에 반비례함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 2005년도 추계 학술대회논문집
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• pp.305-310
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• 2005

The velocity and pressure fields of a ship's propulsion mechanism of the Weis-Fogh type, in which a airfoil moves reciprocally in a channel, are studied in this paper using the advanced vortex method. The airfoil and the channel are approximated by a finite number of source and vortex panels, and the free vortices are introduced from the body surfaces. The viscous diffusion of fluid is represented using the core-spreading model to the discrete vortices. The velocity is calculated on the basis of the generalized Biot-Savart low and the pressure field is calculated from integrating the equation given by the instantaneous velocity and vorticity fields. Two-dimensional unsteady viscose flows of this propulsion mechanism are numerically clarified, and the calculated results agree well with the experimental ones.

• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한의용생체공학회 1997년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.375-379
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• 1997

Pulsed Er:YAG and $CO_2$ lasers induced temperature rise of tissue are studied using axisymmetric, two-dimensional, and transient Pennes' bio-heat equation or the implications of skin resurfacing. Model results indicate that Er:YAG laser induced temperature has much higher but more shallow distribution in tissue than that of the $CO_2$ laser because of its higher absorption coefficient. The increase of repetition rate does not affect the temperature rise too much because these laser modalities have much shorter heat diffusion time than the temporal length of each off-pulse. This model works as a tool to understand the photothermal effect in the laser-tissue interaction.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.39-43
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• 1998

Pulsed Er: YAG and CO$_2$ lasers induced temperature rise of tissue is studied using axisymmetric, two-dimensional, and transient Pennes bio-heat equation for elucidating the implications of skin resurfacing. Modeling indicates that Er:YAG laser induced temperature has much higher but more shallow distribution in tissue than that of the CO$_2$ laser because of much higher absorption coefficient. The increase of repetition rate does not much affect on temperature rise because these laser modalities have much shorter heat diffusion time than the temporal length of each off-pulse. This model works as a tool to understand the photothermal effect in the laser-tissue interaction.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.1248-1255
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• 2006

The velocity and pressure fields of a ship's propulsion mechanism of the Weis-Fogh type, in which a airfoil moves reciprocally in a channel, are studied in this paper using the advanced vortex method. The airfoil and the channel are approximated by a finite number of source and vortex panels, and the free vortices are introduced from the body surfaces. The viscous diffusion of fluid is represented using the core-spreading model to the discrete vortices. The velocity is calculated on the basis of the generalized Biot-Savart law and the pressure field is calculated from integrating the equation given by the instantaneous velocity and vorticity fields. Two-dimensional unsteady viscose flows of this propulsion mechanism are numerically clarified, and the calculated results agree well with the experimental ones.