• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.225-230
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• 1999

In mouse, the heat shock protein 70-2 (hsp70-2) is found to have special function in spermatogenesis. Based on the observation, the hypothesis that human hspA2 (human gene; 98.2% amino acid homology with hsp70-2) might have important function in spermatogenesis in human testes was proposed. To test the hypothesis, we examined the expression of hspA2 in human tissues. Expression vector pDMC4 for expression of the human hspA2 protein using pTricHisB (invitrogen, USA) was constructed and the expressed hspA2 protein was cross-reacted with antiserum 2A raised against mouse hsp70-2 protein. Based on the cross-reactivity, we determined the expression level of hspA2 protein in human tissues by western blot analysis using the antiserum 2A. We demonstrated that antiserum 2A antibodies detected human hspA2 protein with specificity which was produced in the E.coli expression system. On Western blot analyses, significant hspA2 expression was observed in testes with normal spermatogenesis, whereas a low level of hspA2 was expressed in testis with Sertoli-cell only syndrome. Also, a small amount of hspA2 was detected in breast, stomach, prostate, colon, liver, ovary, and epididymis. These results demonstrate that the hspA2 protein is highly expressed in male specific germ cells, which in turn suggests that hspA2 protein might playa specific role during meiosis in human testes as suggested in the murine model. However, further studies should be attempted to determine the function of hspA2 protein in human spermatogenesis.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to examine nurses’ perceptions of medication treatment for psychiatric patients and to compare these perceptions with the perceptions held by the patients. The methodology used in this study was a descriptive design with semi-structured and open-ended interviews. This study used a convenience sample of 112 nurses who worked in, and 209 patients who were under psychiatric treatment, in four hospitals attached to a university and one national mental hospital in the city of Seoul. The collected data were analyzed by SAS, using percentages for descriptive purposes, and t-test or x$^2$ for comparing the variables. The results were as follows : 1. There was no significant differences between nurses’ and patients’ perceptions on the extent to which patients complied with their medication treatment. Generally speaking, the mean compliance scores for both nurses and patients was high(nurse : (equation omitted)=3.70, Patient : (equation omitted)=3.76). 2. There was a significant difference in nurses’ and patients’ perceptions on the reasons why patients do not take medication. The nurse group indicated that the patients did not take medication because of the “worry about side effects or habituation(49.53%)”, “boredom from long-term use of medication(26.17%)” and “distrust toward medical staff(12.15% )”, but the patient group indicated that they “did not want to be dependent on medication (25%)”, “forgot to take medication(19.7%) and “worried about side effects or habituation(15.91%). 3. As for the necessity of medication, both groups showed some different responses. Even though both groups were aware of the necessity of taking medication, the patient group(21.53%) showed a more negative response. As (or the effects of medication, both groups (nurses and patients ) showed positive responses. However, the nurse group showed a higher positive response (91.07% ) than the patient group(74.16%), 5. Both the patient and nurse group indicated that the most helpful element for the patient’s life under psychiatric treatment was interviews and conversations with therapists and nurses. However, the nurse group showed a higher response(70.15%) than the patients group(47.15%). According to the patient group, family support for the patient was another important factor for psychiatric treatment and daily struggles. In conclusion, as there were differences between the perception of nurses and patients, the nurse must consider the patients’ subjective perceptions first. They should also revaluate their false belief and prejudice concerning the patients’ perceptions. Such information can provide a base to be applied by the nurses in devloping effective mutual relationships with patients which can in turn help in compliance with medication regimen. As it was confirmed that medication was the most important factor in the patients’ recovery, a thorough education program on the therapeutic effect of medication and the necessity of their continued use after discharge is also needed.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.865-878
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• 1999

With advances in neonatal medicine, smaller and sicker infants are surviving premature birth. As these tiny patients battle for their lives, their parents also struggle with psychological consequences of an unexpected role. The birth of a sick infants has long been documented as stressful events for the parents. High stress levels may alter parents' interaction with their baby and impair their communication with health professionals, which can in turn affect parents' participation in care planning and decision making. Nursing interventions aimed at reducing the parental stress and anxiety levels during this crisis may have a positive impact on their ability to form an attatchment to their baby and make prudent decisions about his care. The planning of such interventions would be inhanced if the contributions of various factors to increased parental stress levels were identified. This descriptive study was conducted to understand the contents and degree of parental stress in the NICU during their premature's hospitalization, and to give a baseline data in developing nursing intervention program. Subjects were the 60 mother of hospitalized newborn in NICU of 2 University Hospital in Taejon City from April 1st, 1999 to June 30th, 1999, who agreed to take part in this study. The instrument used in this study were Parental Stressor Scales:NICU(PSS:NICU) developed by Miles et al.. and validated by 3 NICU practitioners and 3 child health nursing faculties. The questionnaire has 4 dimensions and 45 items; sight and sounds of NICU(5 items), babies' appearance and behavior nursing intervention(19 items), parental role alteration and relationship with their baby(10 items), health team communication(11 items). The questionnaire asks parents to rate each item on a five-point Likert type scale that ranges from "not stressful" (1) to "extremely stressfu1"(5). Total scores representing overall stress from the NICU environment are calculated by summing response to each item. A high score indicates high stress. A subscale score is calculated by summing the responses to each item in the subscale. Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficients were .93. The data was analyzed as average, Frequency, Standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient by use of SPSS/PC+. The results of this study is summarized as follows ; 1. The total perceived stress level score of mothers of premature baby was slightly high($3.66{\pm}1.1$). The highest scored dimension was 'relationship with their baby and parental role change'($4.21{\pm}0.9$), and next were 'appearance and behavior of the baby'($3.92{\pm}1.1$), 'communication with health team'($3.32{\pm}1.3$), 'sight and sounds of NICU'($3.30{\pm}1.1$). 2. There were statistically significant correlation noted ; mother's perceived severity of the baby's condition(F=8.0012, P= .0125) and baby's gestational age(r = -.4724, P = .0500). In summary, information about physical environment of NICU, the mother's perceived severity of premature baby's state, maternal role change related variables and the knowledge of characteristics of premature baby must be included in nursing intervention program of mother's of premature baby in reducing the parental stress and anxiety level. It is suggested that each NICU needs to develop a nurse managed supportive care program for parents of premature baby. Also, it is suggested that there need to investigate the coping mechanism of mother of premature baby.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2016

The study was performed to investigate the effects of whey protein-rich meal substitute added with vitamins, minerals, and lactobacillus powder probiotics on weight loss, body fat, and body composition in 24 female volunteers for 4 weeks. Whey protein-rich meal substitute was consumed with low-fat, high calcium milk (1% fat, 260 mg/200 mL) twice a day. Subjects submitted 3-day diet records and a life-style questionnaire before the study. During the study, subjects were required to turn in a diet record every day and consume the meal substitute formula in the metabolic ward at C university for 4 weeks. Anthropometric measurements were carried out weekly by Inbody 7.0. The dietary intake and anthropometric data were analyzed to compare changes before and after the study by paired t-test with SPSS version 23.0. The subjects were mostly early 20's and either overweight or obese and highly motivated to lose weight. Most of the subjects consumed three meals per day regularly and spent mostly 10~15 minutes for a meal. Their caloric intake was relatively low and decreased from 1,360 kcal at week 0 to 1,100 kcal after 4 weeks. However, total protein intake increased while carbohydrate and fat intakes decreased (p<0.05) after the trial. Nine vitamin intakes after the study improved compared to those before the study (p<0.05). After the study, subjects showed lower body weight (-1.8 kg), body fat (-0.94 kg), percent body fat (-0.86%), as well as waist circumference (-4.52 cm), hip circumference (-0.44 cm), waist hip ratio (-0.05), and triceps skinfold thickness (-2.39 mm) compared to those at week 0 (p<0.05). Muscle mass tended to be less compared to week 0, although there was no significant differences between weeks 0 and 4. In conclusion, diet trial with whey protein-rich meal substitute induced weight loss and positively changed body fat parameters and body composition.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 1999

Objective: Heat shock protein 70-2 (Hsp70-2) gene knockout mice are found to have premeiotic arrest at the primary spermatocyte stage with a complete absence of spermatids and spermatozoa. This observation led to the hypothesis that hspA2 may be disrupted in human testes with abnormal spermatogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we studied the mRNA expression of hspA2 in infertile men with azoospermia. Design: The mRNA expression were analyzed by competitive RT-PCR among testes with normal spermatogenesis, pachytene spermatocyte arrest, and sertoli-cell only syndrome. Materials and methods: Testicular biopsy was performed in men with azoospermia (n=15). Specimens were subdivided into three groups: (group 1) normal spermatogenesis (n=5), (group 2) spermatocyte arrest (n=5), (group 3) Sertoli-cell only syndrome (n=5). Total RNA was extracted by Trizol reagent. Total extracted RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA and amplified by PCR using specific primers for hspA2 target cDNAs. A competitive cDNA fragment was constructed by deleting a defined fragment from the target cDNA sequence, and then coamplified with the target cDNA for competitive PCR. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene was used as an internal control. Results: On Competitive RT-PCR analyses for hspA2 mRNA, significant amount of hspA2 expression was observed in group 1, whereas a constitutively low level of hspA2 was expressed in groups 2 and 3. Conclusion(s): The study demonstrates that the hspA2 gene expression is down-regulated in human testes with abnormal spermatogenesis, which in turn suggests that hspA2 gene may play a specific role during meiosis in human testes.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.300-317
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• 2019

This study aims to find how storytelling classes using fairy tales related to science museum exhibits have an effect on positive experience about science. For this study, the theoretical background and preceding studies on the relevance of science education and literature were collected and based on the characteristics of assimilation and the educational value of assimilation, naturally connected to the exhibits in relation to their own life, so that individuals could explore science even out-of-school. Four types of activities were developed by linking four fairy tales mentioned in elementary school textbooks to the G science museum exhibits. Seven elementary school teachers verified the validity of the activity materials. Classes through the developed activity materials were conducted four times in a row, one and a half hours at every turn for 10 students. A positive experience about science test was conducted on the students in a study to confirm that this activity has caused significant changes in science academic emotion among sub-domains of positive experience about science. In order to find the factors that affected the science academic emotion, we interviewed the students in the study and their parents. The results of this study show that the use of fairy tales related to science museum exhibits has led to a significant change in science academic emotion by reducing the burden of learning through the exhibition experience at the science museum, which creates scientific curiosity and recognizes them as a playground.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.16 no.4 s.50
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• pp.403-409
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• 2006

This study was performed to assess the clay impact on alga growth which was a primary producer, in view of food chain in ecosystem. As clay minerals caused turbidity, a low sedimentation, high adsorption capacity with organic matter, adsorption - desorption effect with ionic chemicals, clay minerals were supposed to have a significant effect on the aquatic system. In study we tried to turn out NOAEL (No-observed-adverse-effect-level) of clay materials on the algae growth inhibition using such as kaolinite, sericite and montmorillonite. This study was indicated. (1) In both of kaolinite and sericite, the $72hr-EC_{50}$ of them shows 2,752 mg/L and 2,775 mg/L, respectively. (2) On the other hand, in the case of montmorillonite, the $72hr-EC_{50}$ is not shown a significant difference to that of control samples. (3) It can be explained that is also a very important parameter in an alga growth. Because an alga growth was increased when the permeability of W visible radiation was increased in all clay cases. (4) It is demonstrated alga growth was affected by the characteristics of clay materials. Hence we can assess the $\ulcorner$water environmental risk assessment caused clay materials$\lrcorner$ using the alga growth inhibition level indirectly.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.53-65
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• 2019

Purpose - Current study aimed at investigating the effects of the choice easiness as a thought triggered at the time of making decision and the goal achievement emotion as a prediction of how consumers feel in the state of achieving consumption goal on brand purchase intention. And It also explored moderation role of incidental pride type such as ambient hubris pride and ambient authentic pride felt before the event in the effects of message type such as self-verifying message and self-enhancing message on the choice easiness and the goal achievement emotion. Research design, data, and methodology - Message type was divided into self-verifying message and self-enhancing message. Incidental pride type was divided into hubris and authentic pride. Smart mobile phone was selected for empirical study. And the experiment was performed with 2(pride type: hubristic versus authentic) × 2(message type: self-verifying message versus self-enhancing message) between-subjects design. Questionnaires from 215 undergraduate students were used to test hypotheses by Macro process model 7. The hypotheses were tested at each of self-verifying message group and self-enhancing message group. Results - First, both choice easiness and goal achievement emotion positively influenced on the purchase intention at both self-verifying message group and self-enhancing message group. Second, at self-verifying message group, the positive effects of self verification on both choice easiness and goal achievement emotion were higher to the customers under incidental hubris pride than to those under incidental authentic pride customers. Third, at self-enhancing message group, the positive effects of self enhancement on goal achievement emotion were higher to the customers under incidental authentic pride than to those under incidental hubris pride. However, at self-enhancing message group, the positive effects of self enhancement on choice easiness (goal achievement emotion) were not higher (higher) to the customers under incidental authentic pride than to those under incidental hubris pride. Conclusions - Focusing on the results of this study, to promote their brand purchase intention, brand managers should use self-enhancing message to induce goal achievement emotion from incidental authentic pride customers. And the brand managers should develop and use self-verifying message to induce choice easiness as well as goal achievement emotion from hubris pride customers, which in turn, promote their brand purchase intention.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.347-369
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• 2013

Quality of life for people living with HIV/AIDS is significant as it concerns the treatment process, survival rate, HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment as well. Prevalent prejudice in our society significantly lowers the quality of patient's life. There is a need for an intervention and the effort to eliminate the stigma in order to lessen the negative effects as well. However, there are very few researches that examine the quality of life when it comes to people living with HIV/AIDS; even less when it comes to research that examines the stigma that affects the quality of life negatively. Therefore, this research seeks to verify the moderating effects of social support that seek to eliminate the stigma upon the quality of life in people living with HIV/AIDS. Research had been conducted with 102 people living with HIV/AIDS and the balancing effect of the social effort was verified through hierarchical regression analysis and a simple slope test. As the result of the research, control variables such as educational level and whether the patient has a job or not have significant effect and the stigma that the patient is aware of has significant negative effect. Social support had positive effect in quality of life and that it has a moderating effect on stigma which in turn affects the quality of life. Based on these results, social work related implications that were suggested are as follows; need for information and education as to better the quality of life for people living with HIV/AIDS and eliminate the social stigma and that group support program based on the local community which is needed for social support. Further research was advised based on the limitations of this research.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare
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• no.27
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• pp.121-151
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to examine the moderated mediation effects of parenting functioning on the relations between deviant peer's influences and delinquent behaviors in adolescence. To investigate the moderated mediation effects, simple slope test and bootstrapping method based on multiple linear regression(MLR) model were used. This study used data from wave 1-2(2003-2004) of the Korea Youth Panel Survey(KYPS). Results showed that poorer parenting increased the probability that adolescents would affiliated with deviant peers, and more association with deviant peers, in turn, was related to delinquency. There was statistical significant interaction between affiliation with deviant peers and parenting in the model for delinquency. It implied that the relation between deviant peers and delinquency depends on the quality of parenting. Finally, indirect effect of earlier parenting on delinquent behavior through affiliation with deviant peers was moderated by later parenting. These results help clarify the conditions under which exposure to parenting behaviors can buffer the negative effect of deviant best friends on delinquent behaviors in adolescence. Practice and policy implications as well as further research topic were discussed to aid the search for highly effective preventive and treatment interventions.