• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2011

A numerical study of a turbulent natural convection in an enclosure with the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is presented. The primary emphasis of the present study is placed on investigation of accuracy and numerical stability of the LBM for the turbulent natural convection flow. A HYBRID method in which the thermal equation is solved by the conventional Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equation method while the conservation of mass and momentum equations are resolved by the LBM is employed in the present study. The elliptic-relaxation model is employed for the turbulence model and the turbulent heat fluxes are treated by the algebraic flux model. All the governing equations are discretized on a cell-centered, non-uniform grid using the finite-volume method. The convection terms are treated by a second-order central-difference scheme with the deferred correction way to ensure accuracy and stability of solutions. The present LBM is applied to the prediction of a turbulent natural convection in a rectangular cavity and the computed results are compared with the experimental data commonly used for the validation of turbulence models and those by the conventional finite-volume method. It is shown that the LBM with the present HYBRID thermal model predicts the mean velocity components and turbulent quantities which are as good as those by the conventional finite-volume method. It is also found that the accuracy and stability of the solution is significantly affected by the treatment of the convection term, especially near the wall.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.233-240
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 전산유체역학의 특징에 대한 이해를 위해 천음속 날개-동체 주위의 유동장을 In-house 전산유체 코드로 해석하여 시험 결과와 비교하였다. 날개는 RAE 101 익형 단면을 가진 RAE Wing 'A'이며 동체는 축대칭 형상이다. In-house 코드는 비정렬 격자 기반의 압축성 Euler/Navier-Stokes 해석 코드이다. 격자에 대한 의존도, 난류 모형, 공간차분 기법, 점성/비점성의 영향을 시험 결과와 비교하여 살펴보았다. 난류 모형은 $k-{\omega}$ 모형, Spalart-Allmaras 모형, $k-{\omega}$ SST을 적용하였고, 공간차분 기법은 Jameson의 인공 점성를 도입한 중앙 차분 기법과 Roe의 풍상 차분 기법을 적용하였다. 대체적으로 시험 결과를 잘 예측하였으나, 압력분포 및 충격파의 위치가 난류 모형 및 공간 차분 기법에 따라 조금씩 다르게 예측되었으며, 정확한 충격파 위치를 예측하기 위해서는 난류 점성 효과가 고려되어야 함을 알 수 있다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.303-314
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• 2023

In this study, two steady RANS turbulence models (SST k-ω and Realizable k-ε) and four unsteady turbulence models (URANS SST k-ω and Realizable k-ε, SST-SAS, and SST-IDDES) are evaluated with respect to their capacity to predict crosswind characteristics on high-speed trains (HSTs). All of the numerical simulations are compared with the wind tunnel values and LES results to ensure the accuracy of each turbulence model. Specifically, the surface pressure distributions, time-averaged aerodynamic coefficients, flow fields, and computational cost are studied to determine the suitability of different models. Results suggest that the predictions of the pressure distributions and aerodynamic forces obtained from the steady and transient RANS models are almost the same. In particular, both SAS and IDDES exhibits similar predictions with wind tunnel test and LES, therefore, the SAS model is considered an attractive alternative for IDDES or LES in the crosswind study of trains. In addition, if the computational cost needs to be significantly reduced, the RANS SST k-ω model is shown to provide relatively reasonable results for the surface pressures and aerodynamic forces. As a result, the RANS SST k-ω model might be the most appropriate option for the expensive aerodynamic optimizations of trains using machine learning (ML) techniques because it balances solution accuracy and resource consumption.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.100-106
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• 1997

Viscous flow around an actual ship is calculated by an use of RANS(Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes) solver. Reynolds stress is modelled by using k-$\varepsilon$ turbulence model and the law of wall is applied near the body. Body fitted coordinates are introduced for the treatment of the complex boundary of the ship hull form. The transformed equations in the computational domain are numerically solved by an employment of FVM(Finite Volume Method). SIMPLE(Semi-Implcit Pressure Linked Equation) method is adopted in the calculation of pressure and the solution of the disssssssscretized equation is obtained by the line-by-line method with the use of TDMA(Tri-Diagonal Matrix Algorithme). The subject ship model of actual calculation is 4,410 TEU class container carrier. For 4 geosim models the calculated viscous resistancce values are compared with the model test results and analyzed on their componentss. The resistance performance of an actual ship is predicted very resonably, so this mothod may be utilized as a design tool of hull form.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.772-778
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• 2002

A numerical analysis of turbulent gas-particle two-phase flow is performed in conjunction with the experiments of Fackrell ＆ Robins and Raupach & Legg that considered ground-level source and/or elevated source flat plate flow. K-$\omega$ turbulence model is used in order to analyze fully turbulent flow field and the concentration equation with settling velocity is adopted for the concentration field. The model of Einstein and Chien is applied that couples the velocity field and the concentration field. Turbulent eddy viscosity is re-evaluated in this model. The present numerical results have good agreement between the simulation and the experimental data for the mean flow velocities and particle concentrations. While the previous study shows about 27% error in the vicinity of the source of particle concentration, the .present study allows about 14% error. A new turbulent gas-particle flow model developed by this study is able to cut down error by 13% at a near source.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2009

Numerical methods are applied to simulate the smoke behavior in a ventilated tunnel using large eddy simulation (LES) which is incorporated in FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) with proper combustion and radiation model. In this study, present numerical results are compared with data obtained from experiments on pool fires in a ventilated tunnel. The model tunnel is $182m(L){\times}5.4m(W){\times}2.4m(H)$. Two fire scenarios with different ventilation rates are considered with two different fire strengths. The present results are analyzed with those from LES without combustion and radiation model and from RANS ($\kappa-\epsilon$) model as well. Temperature distributions caused by fire in tunnel are compared with each other. It is found that thermal stratification and smoke back-layer can be predicted by FDS and the temperature predictions by FDS show better results than LES without combustion and radiation model. The FDS solver, however, failed to predict correct flow pattern when the high ventilation rate is considered in tunnel because of the defects in the tunnel-inlet turbulence and the near-wall turbulence.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.351-362
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• 2020

In this study, the impact of roof slope on the flow characteristics over low-sloped gable roofs was investigated using steady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations based on a k-ω SST turbulence model. A measurement database of the flow field over a scaled model of 15° was created using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Sensitivity analyses for the grid resolutions and turbulence models were performed. Among the three common Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) models, the k-ω SST model exhibited a better performance, followed by the RNG model and then the realizable k-ε model. Next, the flow properties over the differently sloped (0° to 25°) building models were determined. It was found that the effect of roof slope on the flow characteristics was identified by changing the position and size of the separation bubbles, 15° was found to be approximately the sensitive slope at which the distribution of the separation bubbles changed significantly. Additionally, it is suggested additional attention focused on the distributions of the negative pressure on the windward surfaces (especially 5° and 10° roofs) and the possible snow redistribution on the leeward surfaces.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2014

In this study, Explicit Algebraic Reynolds Stress Model (EARSM) which is based on the existing ${\kappa}-{\omega}$ model has been applied to the flow field analysis around ship hulls. Existing transport equations for the turbulent kinetic energy and the dissipation rate are used in almost the same form and anisotropy terms of Reynolds stresses are newly considered. The well-known KVLCC2 and KCS hull forms are selected as validation cases, which were also used in 2010 Workshop on CFD in Ship Hydrodynamics. In case of KVLCC2 double model, comparison of mean velocity distribution, turbulent kinetic energy, and Reynolds stresses near the propeller plane has been carried out and wave elevation and wave profiles have been additionally studied for KCS and KVLCC2 with free surface models. Some improved results for mean velocity distribution at the propeller plane have been obtained while there is little change in free surface wave profiles.

• 한국가시화정보학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.102-108
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• 2022

In the fan module of the intercooling refrigerator, a drain hole structure was designed for stable drainage of defrost water. However, the airflow passing through the drain hole can disturb flow features around the evaporator. Since this backflow leads to an increase in flow loss, the accurate experimental and numerical analyses are important to understand the flow characteristics around the fan module. Considering the complex geometry around the fan module, three different turbulence models (Standard k-ε model, SST k-ω model, Reynolds stress model) were used in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. According to the quantitative and qualitative comparison results, the Standard k-ε model was most suitable for the research object. High-accuracy results well match with the experiment result and overcome the limitation of the experiment setup. The method used in this study can be applied to a similar research object with an orifice outflow driven by a rotating blade.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2020

높은 레이놀즈수를 갖는 공학적인 흐름을 예측하는 가장 일반적인 방법은 여전히 벽함수를 이용하는 난류모형에 근거한 RANS 수치모의이다. 최근 벽근처의 점성영역 관계식과 벽에서 떨어진 대수영역 관계식을 혼합하여 개발된 일반화된 벽함수들은 두 영역사이의 난류량과 유속이 부드럽게 천이하도록 한다. 이 연구는 난류운동에너지(TKE), 에너지 소산율, 비소산율, 와점성에 대해서 적용 가능한 벽함수들을 조합하여 일련을 수치 모의를 수행하여 널리 이용되고 있는 난류모형들의 성능과 수렴 특성을 분석하였다. 이 연구 결과는 RNG k-𝜖 모형의 경우 첫번째 계산격자가 완충층에 놓이게 될 때는 반복 계산시 작은 허용오차를 이용하여 주의 깊게 적용을 하여야 안정된 해를 구할 수 있음을 보여준다. 표준 k-𝜖과 RNG k-𝜖 모형은 TKE와 와점성에 대해서 적용 가능한 벽함수들 중 어느 것을 선택하여 적용하더라도 수치모의 결과가 민감하게 반응하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, k-ω SST 모형의 경우 TKE에 대해서는 kL-벽함수 그리고 와점성에 대해서는 nutUB-벽함수를 이용하여야 정확하고 안정된 경계 조건 설정을 보장할 수 있다. 레이놀즈수 155,000조건에서 적용한 후방계산흐름 수치모의 결과 격자 해상도에 상관없이 약 13% 정도 재부착 거리를 과소평가하는 모형을 제외하고 나머지 적용한 난류모형들 모두 적절히 세밀한 해상도의 격자에서 양호하게 재부착거리를 잘 예측하는 것으로 나타났다.