• 한국암반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국암반공학회 2008년도 국제학술회의
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• pp.33-41
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• 2008

The longest tunnel has been halted at Daekwanryung by the failure of the host country of the Winter Olympiad in 2014, but modern High-Power TBM will come to Korea to excavate these long tunnels to establish the better horizontal connection between the western and eastern countries to improve the strong powerful logistic strategy of Korean peninsula. Train operation provides a key function of air movements in a long underground tunnel, and heat generation from transit vehicles may account of the most heat release to the ventilation and emergency systems. This paper indicates the optimal fire suppress services and safety provision for the long railway tunnel which is designed twin tunnel with length 22km in Gangwon province of Korea. The design of the fire-fighting systems and emergency were prepared by the operation of the famous long-railway tunnels as well as the severe lessons from the real fires in domestic and overseas experiences. Designers should concentrate the optimal solution for passenger's safety at the emergency state when tunnel fires, train crush accidents, derailment, and etc. The optimal fire-extinguishing facilities for long railway tunnels are presented for better safety of the comfortable operation in this hard rock tunnel of eastern mountains side of Korea. Since year 1900, hard rock tunnel construction has been launched for railway tunnels in Korea, tunnels have been built for various purposes not only for infrastructure tunnels including roadway, railway, subway, and but also for water and power supply, for deposit food, waste, and oils etc. Most favorable railway tunnel system was discussed in details; twin tunnels, distance of cross passage, ventilation systems, for the comfortable train operations in the future.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.313-325
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 이방성 암반의 방향성 및 측압조건이 터널 변형거동에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 서로 다른 15가지 이방성 터널 모형에 대해 축소모형실험을 실시하였다. 이를 위해 모래 석고 물의 중량비를 달리한 모형재료에 대한 물성 실험을 통하여 모형재료의 특성을 연구하였다. 대부분의 이방성 터널 모형은 응력이 집중되는 곳에서 전단파괴 현상을 보였으며 절리면을 따라 미끄러짐이 발생하여 절리면의 경사 방향이 터널 변형거동에 큰 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났다. 절리 경사가 $30^{\circ}$보다 작은 모형에서는 반팽창현상이 두드러지게 나타났으며 절리경사가 $50^{\circ}$인 모형은 측압조건에 관계없이 수직 및 수평 내공변위가 가장 작게 나타나 실험된 모형중에서 가장 안정적인 모형으로 판단된다. 또한 모형터널의 파괴 및 변형양상은 측압계수 조건에 따라 매우 상이하게 나타났다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.233-244
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• 2019

In this work, we have studied the effects of different soil thicknesses, haunch heights, reinforcement forms and construction technologies on the seismic performance of a composite precast fabricated utility tunnel by pseudo-static tests. Five concrete specimens were designed and fabricated for low-cycle reciprocating load tests. The hysteretic behavior of composite precast fabricated utility tunnel under simulated seismic waves and the strain law of steel bars were analyzed. Test results showed that composite precast fabricated utility tunnel met the requirements of current codes and had good anti-seismic performance. The use of a closed integral arrangement of steel bars inside utility tunnel structure as well as diagonal reinforcement bars at its haunches improved the integrity of the whole structure and increased the bearing capacity of the structure by about 1.5%. Increasing the thickness of covering soil within a certain range was beneficial to the earthquake resistance of the structure, and the energy consumption was increased by 10%. Increasing haunch height within a certain range increased the bearing capacity of the structure by up to about 19% and energy consumption by up to 30%. The specimen with the lowest haunch height showed strong structural deformation with ductility coefficient of 4.93. It was found that the interfaces of haunches, post-casting self-compacting concrete, and prefabricated parts were the weak points of utility tunnel structures. Combining the failure phenomena of test structures with their related codes, we proposed improvement measures for construction technology, which could provide a reference for the construction and design of practical projects.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.27-44
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• 2022

Gravelly soil is a kind of special geotechnical material, which is widely used in the subgrade engineering of railway, highway and airport. Its mechanical properties are very complex, and will greatly influence the stability of subgrade engineering. To investigate the mechanical properties and failure mechanism of gravelly soils, this paper introduced and verified a new discrete element method (DEM) of gravelly soils in large scale direct shear test, which considers the actual shape and broken characteristics of gravels. Then, the stress and strain characteristics, particle interaction, particle contact force, crack development and energy conversion in gravelly soils during the shear process were analyzed using this method. Moreover, the effects of gravel content (GC) on the mechanical properties and failure characteristics were discussed. The results reveal that as GC increases, the shear stress becomes more fluctuating, the peak shear stress increases, the volumetric strain tends to dilate, the average particle contact force increases, the cumulative number of cracks increases, and the shear failure plane becomes coarser. Higher GC will change the friction angle with a trend of "stability", "increase", and "stability". Differently, it affects the cohesion with a law of "increase", "stability" and "increase".

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.389-410
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• 2007

불연속면의 빈도가 높지 않은 견고한 암반의 경우 굴착시 공동 주변 영역에서의 파괴나 변형 특성은 형성되어 있는 초기응력 조건과 강도 특성에 절대적인 영향을 받는다. 과도한 초기응력장은 굴착 공동 주변에 점진적이고 국부적인 취성파괴를 유발시킴으로서 시공의 안정성과 경제성을 확보하는데 장애요인으로 작용할 수 있다. 이 논문에서는 응력 수준과 터널형상에 따른 공동 주변의 취성파괴 거동 특성을 파악하기 위해 축소된 터널 시험체를 이용한 이축압축시험과 입자 결합모델을 이용한 개별요소법의 일종인 $PFC^{2D}$ 해석에 의한 연구를 수행하였다. 실내 이축압축시험을 통해 취성파괴의 발생 영역과 형태 면에서 실제 암반 공동 주변에서 발생된 파괴 특성과 유사한 파괴 거동을 모사할 수 있었다. 모형시험체에 대한 이축압축시험 결과 최소 주응력 방향의 공동 단면 곡선부에서는 균열이 표면에서 개시된 후 내부로 진행되어 국부적인 노치형 파괴영역이 형성되었다. 이에 비해 모서리와 직선부의 경우 공벽 표면과 내부에서 발생된 균열들의 상호 연결, 결합에 의해 대규모의 노치형 분리면이 유도되고 곡선부에 비해 큰 파괴영역이 형성되는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.403-411
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• 2003

다단 장약에 의한 터널 심빼기 발파를 제안하여 개별요소법과 유한요소해석법으로 수치해석 하였다. 그 결과, 단당 장약량을 줄이고 다단으로 분산시키면 발파로 인한 파쇄도 효과적이고, 진동도 감소할 수 있음을 보여 주었다. 이러한 현상은 파괴역학적으로도 설명이 가능하여 제안된 방법이 성공적으로 적용될 수 있음을 보였다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2009년도 세계 도시지반공학 심포지엄
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• pp.584-590
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• 2009

One of the critical design problems involved in deep tunnelling in brittle rock, is the creation of surface spalling damage and breakouts. If weak fault zone is developed in deep tunnel, squeezing problem is added to the problems. According to the results of ground investigation in the study area, hard granitic rockmass and distinguished high angle fault zone are distributed on the tunnel level over 400m depth. To analyse the probability of brittle failure and squeezing, ground characterization with special lab. and field test were carried out. By the results, probability of brittle failures like spalling and rock burst is very low. But squeezing may be probable, if weak fault zone observed surface and drill core is extended to designed tunnel level.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.721-728
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• 2018

The surrounding rock mass contains cracks and joints which are distributed randomly around tunnels, and in the process of tunnel blasting excavation, radial cracks could also be induced in the surrounding rock mass. In order to clearly understand the impact of radial cracks on tunnel stability, tunnel model tests and finite element numerical analysis were implemented in this paper. Two kinds of materials: cement mortar and sandstone, were used to make tunnel models, which were loaded vertically and confined horizontally. The tunnel failure pattern was simulated by using RFPA2D code, and the Tresca stresses and the stress intensity factors were calculated by using ABAQUS code, which were applied to the analysis of tunnel model test results. The numerical results generally agree with the model test results, and the mode II stress intensity factors calculated by ABAQUS code can well explain the model test results. It can be seen that for tunnels with a radial crack emanating from three points on tunnel edge, i.e., the middle point between tunnel spandrel and its top with a dip angle $45^{\circ}$, the tunnel foot with a dip angle $127^{\circ}$, and the tunnel spandrel with $135^{\circ}$ with tunnel wall, the tunnel model strength is about a half of the regular tunnel model strength, and the corresponding tunnel stability decreases largely.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.395-409
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• 2023

Long-span suspension bridges have tunnel anchor systems to maintain stable cables. More investigations are required to determine how closely tunnel excavation beneath the tunnel anchor impacts the stability of the tunnel anchor. In order to investigate the impact of the adjacent tunnel's excavation on the stability of the tunnel anchor, a large-span suspension bridge tunnel anchor is utilised as an example in a three-dimensional numerical simulation approach. In order to explore the deformation control mechanism, orthogonal tests are employed to pinpoint the major impacting elements. The construction of an advanced pipe shed, strengthening the primary support. Moreover, according to the findings the grouting reinforcement of the surrounding rock, have a significant control effect on the settlement of the tunnel vault and plug body. However, reducing the lag distance of the secondary lining does not have such big influence. The greatest way to control tunnel vault settling is to use the grout reinforcement, which increases the bearing capacity and strength of the surrounding rock. This greatly minimizes the size of the tunnel excavation disturbance area. Advanced pipe shed can not only increase the surrounding rock's bearing capacity at the pipe shed, but can also prevent the tunnel vault from connecting with the disturbance area at the bottom of the anchorage tunnel, reduce the range of shear failure area outside the anchorage tunnel, and have the best impact on the plug body's settlement control.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.349-360
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 탄소성 유한요소해석 알고리즘과 연계한 확률장 생성기법과 근접터널 조건에서의 파괴확률을 분석하였다. 유한요소 해석을 위한 이산 확률장의 생성은 빠르고 정확하며 랜덤변수의 해상도를 자유롭게 조절할 수 있는 local average subdivision 기법을 사용하였으며 터널모델링을 위해 유한요소 크기와 형상 변화 등을 적절히 고려하여 지반물성치를 적용하는 방안을 제안하였다. 예제해석 조건에 대해 강도정수의 분산정도 및 공간상관길이에 따른 파괴확률을 파악하였으며 결정론적 안정성 해석결과 및 단일랜덤변수 해석결과와 비교하였다. 강도정수의 분산특성에 따라 강도감소기법에 의한 안전율과 단일랜덤변수 해석에 의한 파괴확률의 관계를 규명하였으며 확률유한요소 해석을 통해 공간상관길이가 파괴확률에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 통해 강도감소기법에 의한 안전율과 분산계수로부터 단일랜덤변수에 의한 파괴확률을 도출할 수 있었으며 단일랜덤변수 해석결과가 근접터널의 실제적인 파괴확률을 과소평가 할 수 있음을 파악하였다.