• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
• /
• v.28 no.8
• /
• pp.659-666
• /
• 2004

This paper describes Three-Dimensional Listening Simulation System (3D-LSS) which is to analyze whistle sound related marine casualties, and is to evaluate the accident situations using 3D sound by Head Related Transfer Function At first, the hree-dimensional listening model from the analysis of accident situations is proposed, and then the reproduction and evaluation methods of 3D sounds are also discussed. The system is designed to explain the accident situations and to simulate the possible situations with GUI based graphics and 3D sound reproduction. The evaluation experiments using 3D-LSS are carried out with six cases that did not known whether it is true or not the blast and listening of the whistle sound between two vessels. As results of psychological assessments by five subjects, the six cases can be analyzed clearly by visual images and audio sounds, thus the usability of 3D-LSS as one of the judgment assistant system of marine casualty is verified.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.93-105
• /
• 2012

This paper compares the two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) approaches for the numerical determination of the equivalent mechanical properties of fractured rock masses. Both orthogonally-fractured model and discrete fracture networks (DFN) were used for the geometry and 2D models were cut in various directions from 3D model to compare their mechanical properties. Geological data were loosely based on the data available from Sellafield, UK. Analytical method based on compliance tensor transformation was used for investigation in orthogonally fractured rock and numerical experiments were conducted on fractured rock mass with DFN geometry. It is shown that 2D approach always overestimates the elastic modulus of fractured rock masses by a factor of up to around two because fractures are assumed to be perpendicular to the model plane in 2D problems. Poisson ratios tend to have larger values in 2D analysis while there is opposite trend in some sections. The study quantitatively demonstrates the limitation of the 2D approach that uses the simplified model from true 3D geometry.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.33
• /
• pp.425-447
• /
• 2013

Due to the popularity of digital cameras, there are lots of studies based on ISP(Image Signal Process) and the image correction applications which can easily use for users are being developed. Specially AWB(Automatic White Balance) and Auto exposure are the most interesting fields in ISP function, and they are well used to increase the quality of image. Principles of camera and lighting in 3D program are made based on real camera and lighting. But the functions of automatic exposure and AWB Which are operated in real camera don't work in 3D program. The color correction of images need expertise, it is true that the functions of compositing program are more difficult than the general correction way of digital image. Specially in case of students who studies animation at the university, they make the animation with compositing and rendering without color correction. Thus this research proposed 3D image making process which make to increase the quality of animation, even though the layman can easily correct the color using functions of digital image correction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.134-139
• /
• 2015

PolyJet technology is an additive manufacturing (AM) technology commonly used for modeling, prototyping, and production applications. It is one of the techniques used for 3D printing. The PolyJet technique is a process that joins materials to fabricate a product from 3D CAD data in a layer-by-layer manner. The orientation of a layer can affect the mechanical properties of the product manufactured by the PolyJet technique because of its anisotropy. In this paper, tensile and shearing tests of specimens were developed with the PolyJet technique in order to study the mechanical properties according to the orientation of a layer. The mechanical properties of the specimens were determined on the basis of true stress-strain curves from tensile and shearing tests. In addition, the tensile and shearing tests were simulated under the same conditions as those of experiment, and the experiment and simulated results were compared. Through this study, the fracture criteria could be established.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.361-366
• /
• 2003

Most sensor array signal processing methods for multiple source localization require knowledge of the correct shape of array(the correct positions of sensors that consist array), because sensor position uncertainty can severely degrade the performance of array signal processing. In particular, it is assumed that the correct positions of the sensors are known, but the known positions may not represent the true sensor positions. Various algorithms have been proposed for 2-D sensor array shape calibration in far field environment. However, they are not available in near field. In this paper, 3-D sensor array shape calibration algorithm is proposed, which is available in near field.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.18 no.5
• /
• pp.667-670
• /
• 2005

The proximate analysis, amino acid content and true amino acid digestibility and TMEn for poultry of adult Field crickets Gryllus testaceus Walker, were investigated. The insect was also used as partial replacement of protein supplements in the broiler diet on an equal CP percentage and TMEn basis. The results indicated that the adult insect contained: crude protein 58.3%; fat 10.3%, chitin 8.7% and ash 2.96% on dry matter basis, respectively. The total amounts of methionine, cystine and lysine in the Field crickets were 1.93%, 1.01% and 4.79%, respectively, and their true digestibility coefficients, determined in cecectomized roosters, were 94.1%, 85% and 96%, respectively. The TMEn of this insect meal was 2,960 kcal/kg determined in cecectomized roosters. When cornsoybean meal diets were formulated on an equal CP percentage and TMEn basis, up to 15% Field cricket could replace control diet without any adverse affects on broiler weight gain, feed intake or gain:feed ratio from 8 to 20 d posthatching.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.241-253
• /
• 2008

Recently, it is appearing that new paradigm of urban planning that ubiquitous concept such as the u-City, uECO-City is introduced while is rising necessity about third dimensional geo-spatial information of high quality for urban area. Orthophoto can manufacture by expense and time that is less easily than digital map using personal computer even if is not highly technician and according as position relation between manmade feature and natural feature is equal, can get information of distance, angle, horizontal and vertical position coordinate of topographic, area etc.. directly through orthophoto. Also, visual effect is good that orthophoto is expressed by image and interpretation is easy to detailed part of topographic. Manufacture and practical use are consisting in various field, for it is having advantage that can recognize information effectively than digital map. Therefore, this study presents a way of generating a detailed DSM for producing a true-orthphoto of the urban area, and this study also presents a way to produce an optimum true-orthophoto for an urban area by investigating through experiment the optimum variable for the geometric and radiometric correction of the orthophoto. This study also examined the potentials of the thesis by building a 3-dimensional city model of the model region with the above thesis on optimum generating method.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.25-36
• /
• 2003

The navigation in 3D virtual space is a procedure which must be carefully established in advance with understanding of a complicate perception process. Although current various desktop softwares are suppling developers with easier production circumstances in accordance with popularization era of interactive 3D media it is true that previous systematic conceptual study has been performed exclusively at specific institutions. Therefore, based upon the examples of virtual reality research reported by universities and companies core concepts giving the background for navigation realization and direct/indirect factors supporting substantial realization were analyzed and discussed in this paper.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.29 no.11
• /
• pp.1625-1631
• /
• 2016

Forty-eight barrows with an average initial body weight of $25.5{\pm}0.3kg$ were assigned to 6 dietary treatments arranged in a $3{\times}2$ factorial of 3 graded levels of P at 1.42, 2.07, or 2.72 g/kg, and 2 levels of casein at 0 or 50 g/kg to compare the estimates of true total tract digestibility (TTTD) of P in soybean meal (SBM) for pigs fed diets with or without casein supplementation. The SBM is the only source of P in diets without casein, and in the diet with added casein, 1.0 to 2.4 g/kg of total dietary P was supplied by SBM as dietary level of SBM increased. The experiment consisted of a 5-d adjustment period and a 5-d total collection period with ferric oxide as a maker to indicate the initiation and termination of fecal collection. There were interactive effects of casein supplementation and total dietary P level on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and retention of P (p<0.05). Dietary P intake, fecal P output, digested P and retained P were increased linearly with graded increasing levels of SBM in diets regardless of casein addition (p<0.01). Compared with diets without casein, there was a reduction in fecal P in the casein-supplemented diets, which led to increases in digested P, retained P, ATTD, and retention of P (p<0.01). Digested N, ATTD of N, retained N, and N retention were affected by the interaction of casein supplementation and dietary P level (p<0.05). Fecal N output, urinary N output, digested N, and retained N increased linearly with graded increasing levels of SBM for each type of diet (p<0.01). The estimates of TTTD of P in SBM, derived from the regression of daily digested P against daily P intake, for pigs fed diets without casein and with casein were calculated to be 37.3% and 38.6%, respectively. Regressing daily digested N against daily N intake, the TTTD of N in SBM were determined at 94.3% and 94.4% for diets without casein and with added casein, respectively. There was no difference in determined values of TTTD of P or N in SBM for pigs fed diets with or without casein (p>0.05). In summary, our results demonstrate that the estimates of TTTD of P in SBM for pigs were not affected by constant casein inclusion in the basal diets.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.318-324
• /
• 2004

Purpose: Philips GEMINI is a newly introduced whole-body GSO PET/CT scanner. In this study, performance of the scanner including spatial resolution, sensitivity, scatter fraction, noise equivalent count ratio (NECR) was measured utilizing NEMA NU2-2001 standard protocol and compared with performance of LSO, BGO crystal scanner. Methods: GEMINI is composed of the Philips ALLEGRO PET and MX8000 D multi-slice CT scanners. The PET scanner has 28 detector segments which have an array of 29 by 22 GSO crystals ($4{\times}6{\times}20$ mm), covering axial FOV of 18 cm. PET data to measure spatial resolution, sensitivity, scatter fraction, and NECR were acquired in 3D mode according to the NEMA NU2 protocols (coincidence window: 8 ns, energy window: $409[\sim}664$ keV). For the measurement of spatial resolution, images were reconstructed with FBP using ramp filter and an iterative reconstruction algorithm, 3D RAMLA. Data for sensitivity measurement were acquired using NEMA sensitivity phantom filled with F-18 solution and surrounded by $1{\sim}5$ aluminum sleeves after we confirmed that dead time loss did not exceed 1%. To measure NECR and scatter fraction, 1110 MBq of F-18 solution was injected into a NEMA scatter phantom with a length of 70 cm and dynamic scan with 20-min frame duration was acquired for 7 half-lives. Oblique sinograms were collapsed into transaxial slices using single slice rebinning method, and true to background (scatter+random) ratio for each slice and frame was estimated. Scatter fraction was determined by averaging the true to background ratio of last 3 frames in which the dead time loss was below 1%. Results: Transverse and axial resolutions at 1cm radius were (1) 5.3 and 6.5 mm (FBP), (2) 5.1 and 5.9 mm (3D RAMLA). Transverse radial, transverse tangential, and axial resolution at 10 cm were (1) 5.7, 5.7, and 7.0 mm (FBP), (2) 5.4, 5.4, and 6.4 mm (3D RAMLA). Attenuation free values of sensitivity were 3,620 counts/sec/MBq at the center of transaxial FOV and 4,324 counts/sec/MBq at 10 cm offset from the center. Scatter fraction was 40.6%, and peak true count rate and NECR were 88.9 kcps @ 12.9 kBq/mL and 34.3 kcps @ 8.84 kBq/mL. These characteristics are better than that of ECAT EXACT PET scanner with BGO crystal. Conclusion: The results of this field test demonstrate high resolution, sensitivity and count rate performance of the 3D PET/CT scanner with GSO crystal. The data provided here will be useful for the comparative study with other 3D PET/CT scanners using BGO or LSO crystals.