• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.447-463
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• 2022

The lime and clay that used in the construction of the Tomb of King Muryeong and the Royal Tombs in Gongju are auxiliary materials, and are used joint and plaster materials for the wall to play a role of structural support. In this study, the homogeneity between the tombs and material characteristics were interpreted through quantitative analysis of lime and clay. As a result of microtexture and composition analysis, almost the same minerals were identified in each sample groups, and similar characteristics were shown in thermal analysis. Geochemically, it is confirmed that the behavior characteristics are very similar regardless of the tombs. The compositions is also confirmed high homogeneity in the diagrams of CaO-MgO-SiO₂, RO₂-(RO+R₂O) correlations, A-CN-K and A-CNK-FM triangles. Therefore, it is interpreted that the clay used for the construction of the tomb complex was supplied from around area, and the raw materials of lime were produced using shell fragments of oyster family based on mainly composed of calcite. It is interpreted that the raw materials of lime were supplied from middens along the west coast of down the Geumgang river in Korean peninsula, but the consideration of the supply site, needs to be cross-validated through stable isotope analysis, use of carbonate rock and reproduction experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.50 no.7
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• pp.195-218
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• 2000

This study investigates the characteristics of European knitted works from a historical perspective. Specifically, this study deals with the following research topics: 1) the origin and development of knitting. 2) the characteristics of knitting industry according to the change of times, 3) the comparison of local knitting patterns and cultures. 4) 7he symbolic meaning of the designs in the knitted works and theire functions. This research is barred on the survey of the relevant literature and photographs. The results of the study are summarized as follows. 1) The introduction of knitted works was closely connected with the climatic and socio-economic conditions of the places of the origin. Knitted work developed mostly in Northern Europe, a cold area, and the barren, mountainous coastal areas where people frequently used woolen materials for clothes. 2) In ancient times, abstract and geometric patterns have developed in Europe under the influence of Arabian knitted work. Middle Ages saw the flourishing of Arabian knitted works representing the authority of the church. In early modern times, the knitted work assumed the wealth of the royal families and the nobles. But afterward it was gradually Popularized among the middle classes. Knitting was then regarded as one of the women's major cultural activities. However, recently in the interwar periods. the knitting industry did not flourish and the knitted works came to serve merely as comfort goods by political urge. Knitted works were introduced in Korea around 1870 (the 7th or 8th year of king Kojong era) by Catholic missionaries and they started to be made by machine in 1917. 3) As for the propagation of the knitted work into Europe, there are three routes estimated. The traditional knitting patterns of local areas and their characteristics are summed up as follows : (1) England Guernseys are thick dark blue wool, whereas Jerseys are thinner and of various colors. The knitted shawls of Shetland are world-famous for their fine, lace-like texture that they can be through a wedding-ring. The knitted work of Fair Isle shows several distinctive features, such as the use of no more than two colors, patterns with diagonal lines. symmetry within the patterns, the prominent OXO patterns, and horizontal bands of patterning. The representative knitted work of Aran is Aran sweater made for fishermen to developed from guernseys of Scotland. (2) Scandinavian countries are distinguished from other countries by their conservative but creative cultural tradition. Their knitting patterns are characterized by small geometric figures such as dots, triangles, squares, rhombuses, and crosses used often with stars and roses. Scandinavian knitting is also salient for its vertical stripes and simple motifs repeating at short intervals. (3) Baltic area : The Latvian and Lithuania stockings have very ornate patterns. Many of the Estonian knit stockings and mittens share designs. Komi was well-known for its symmetric diamond pattern. Komi patterns include colored stripes, borders of pattern and all-over designs of complex diagonals. (4) Balkan area : In Yugoslavia, the patterns of roses, leaves and flowers were used for stockings, gloves and leggings. Greek knitting resembled southern Russian knitting, which utilized light colored patterns with dark colors for a background. Turkish patterns are symmetric vertically or horizontally. 4) The traditional knitting patterns net only carried symbolic meanings but also served as means of communication. First of all, patterns had incantatory meanings. Patterns also represented Power or authenticity Patterns were symbolic of one's social standing, too. The colors, motifs and their arrangements were very important features symbolizing one's social position or family line. People often communicated by certain pieces of knitted work or patterns.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.339-348
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• 2004

This study was peformed to assess the relationships among bone mineral density (BMD), Physiological characteristics and lifestyle factors in 61 premenopausal working women aged 30∼49 y in Busan. The BMDs of the lumbar spines (Ll∼L4), femoral necks (FN), ward's triangles (WT) and trochanters (TC) were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Data for physiological characteristics and physical activity was assessed by questionnaire and usual intakes of coffee, green tea, alcohol, Coca cola by food frequency questionnaire. The BMDs of L14, FN, WT and TC were 1.02 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 0.76 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$,0.69 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and 0.66 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$respectively The BMD of FN was assessed as osteopenia by T-score. The BMD of WT was positively correlated with age of monarch (p<0.05) and the BMD of Ll4 was positively correlated with delivery number (p<0.05). The BMD of Ll4 was positively correlated with hours of outdoor activity per weekend and week (p<0.05, p<0.05). The BMDs of FN and WT (p<0.05, p<0.05) were positively correlated with intake of green tea per month and the BMD of FN (p<0.05) was positively correlated with intake of wine per month. But the BMD of Ll (p<0.05) was negatively correlated with intake of Coca cola per month. So nutritional education for increasing hours of outdoor activity and decreasing intake frequency of beverage contributing to diminishment of bone mineral density is needed for premenopausal working women to prevent osteoporosis.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.52-64
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• 2021

The effect of Fe and BO₃ doping on structure, thermal, and electrical properties of Li_1+xFe_xTi_2-x(PO₄)_3-y(BO₃)_y (x = 0.2, 0.5)-based glass and glass ceramics was investigated. In addition, their crystallization behavior during sintering and ionic conductivity were also investigated in terms of sintering temperature. FT-IR and XPS results indicated that Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions in Li_1+xFe_xTi_2-x(PO₄)_3-y(BO₃)_y glass worked as a network modifier (FeO₆ octahedra) and also as a network former (FeO₄ tetrahedra). In the case of the glass with low substitution of BO₃, boron formed (PB)O₄ network structure, while boron preferred BO₃ triangles or B₃O₃ boroxol rings with increasing the BO₃ content owing to boic oxide anomaly, which can result in an increased non-bridging oxygen. The glass transition temperature (GTT) and crystallization temperature (CT) was lowered as the BO₃ substitution was increased, while Fe²⁺ lowered the GTT and raised the CT. The ionic conductivity of Li_1+xFe_xTi_2-x(PO₄)_3-y(BO₃)_y glass ceramics were 8.85×10^-4 and 1.38×10^-4S/cm for x = 0.2 and 0.5, respectively. The oxidation state of doped Fe and boric oxide anomaly were due to the enhanced lithium ion conductivity of glass ceramics.