• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.343-356
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• 2010

Plant micropropagation techniques include bud cultures using apical or axillary buds, organogenesis through callus culture or adventitious bud induction, and somatic embryogenesis. In Korea Forest Research Institute (KFRI), the first tissue culture trial in woody plant was initiated from the bud culture of hybrid poplars (Populus alba x P. glandulosa) in 1978. Since then several mass propagation techniques have developed from conifer and hardwood species, resulting in allowing practical application to Poplars, Birches and some oak species. In addition, useful micropropagation and genetic resources conservation techniques were established in some rare and endangered tree species including Abeliophyllum distichum. Among various in vitro propagation techniques, somatic embryogenesis is known to be the most efficient plant regeneration system. Since the first somatic embryo induction was reported in Tilia amurensis by KFRI in 1986, various protocols for direct or indirect somatic embryogenesis systems have developed in conifer and hardwood species including Larix leptolepis, Pinus rigida x P. taeda F1, Kalopanax septemlobus and Liliodendron tulipifera, etc. However, most of these technologies have been developed using juvenile tissues, i.e. immature zygotic embryos or mature embryos. Therefore it has been difficult to directly application to tree breeding program due to their unproven genetic background. Recently remarkable progresses and new approaches have been achieved in mature tree somatic embryogenesis. In this article we reviewed several micropropagation techniques, which have been mainly developed by KFRI and recent international progresses.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.185-191
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• 2005

An accurate prediction of dormancy release and bud burst in temperate zone fruit trees is indispensable for farmers to plan heating time under partially controlled environments as well as to reduce the risk of frost damage in open fields. A thermal time-based two-step phenological model that originated in Italy was applied to two important grapevine cultivars in Korea for predicting bud-burst dates. The model consists of two sequential periods: a rest period described by chilling requirement and a forcing period described by heating requirement. It requires daily maximum and minimum temperature as an input and calculates daily chill units (chill days in negative sign) until a pre-determined chilling requirement for rest release is met. After the projected rest release date, it adds daily heat units (anti-chill days in positive sign) to the chilling requirement. The date when the sum reaches zero isregarded as the bud-burst in the model. Controlled environment experiments using field sampled twigs of 'Campbell Early' and 'Kyoho' cultivars were carried out in the vineyard at the National Horticultural Research Institute (NHRI) in Suwon during 2004-2005 to derive the model parameters: threshold temperature for chilling and chilling requirement for breaking dormancy. The model adjusted with the selected parameters was applied to the 1994-2004 daily temperature data obtained from the automated weather station in the NHRI vineyard to estimate bud burst dates of two cultivars and the results were compared with the observed data. The model showed a consistently good performance in predicting the bud burst of 'Campbell Early' and 'Kyoho' cultivars with 2.6 and 2.5 days of root mean squared error, respectively.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.91-97
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• 2007

The Korean name "Bizooki" tree was named by the shape of winter bud which is like a slim bow. There are four scientific names in the tree which are Cleyera japonica Thunberg, Cleyera ochnacea DC, Sakakia ochnacea Nakai, and Ternstroemia gymnanthera. And the English name are Japanese Ternstroemia and Japanese Cleyera. "Bizooki" tree has planted at Buddhist temples in Japan for the ritual. The best result of stem cutting in "Bizooki" tree, 100 percent of rooting, could be accomplished in July when cuttings were done on the mixture-soil containing the same rates by volume of vermiculite, peatmoss and perlite with cuts processed with IBA 1,000 mg/l under the circumstances that 70% of shade, plastic mulching, and mist were conditioned.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.239-249
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• 1982

The outlines of superior stands, including species mixed, age classes, canopies, and ecological conditions of the stands, were examined in the forests of west Germany, Sweden, and Netherland. The establishment schemes of tree seed orchards for the production of high genetic quality seed were also investigated in the present study. 1. The meteorological conditions, abundant in precipitation and high in relative humidity, prove it to be oceanic climate characteristics in the Scandinavia located in high latitude and north-western part of Europe. The photo periodical characteristics following to day-length and the frost times determine the patterns of tree growth and distribution as well as the tree adaptability due to bud-setting and bud-flushing in Sweden forest. 2. The European forests are generally characterized by dense multistoried forest type composed of upper stories of tall tree species such as Norway spruce, fir, Scots pine and beech, lower stories of shade tolerant poles and saplings of spruce, fir, beech, and floor vegetations covered with birch, oak and hornbeam etc. 3. The single tree selection method and group shelterwood method are commonly applied for silvicultural system but shelterwood method and clearcutting method practiced partially in limited area. Badischer Femelschlagbetrieb and Bayerischer Femelschlagbetrieb are popularized to the regeneration of Schwarzwald but selection method applied in part. 4. Tree cuttings are properly limited so as not to exceed annual increment volume for the sustained yield and the preservation of ecosystem in European forest management. Land preservation and recreation function are more interested with the promotion of wood production in the forest management. 5. Careful attentions are paid to the reforestation of the introduced exotic species, such as Douglas-fir, red oak, pines from America, Japanese larch, Italian poplar etc., with concern against the insect and pest damage, and the meteorological damage. 6. Some intensive studies on tree improvement, such as selection of plus tree, selection of plus stand for seed collection, provenance trial, progeny test of clone, hybrid seed orchard for clone complexing, are performed in the countries and the great part of the seed required for reforestation are supplied from the seed orchard established in Sweden and Netherland.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 1974

These studies are conducted to find out inducing factors for the non-sprouting bud which appears in the utility reclaimed hill mulberry held and to establish control method for it since 1971. The results are as follows： 1. In spring, winter bud does not germinate at all on the top of branches or does wither suddenly after or during its germination. Necrosis and browning are appeared in cortex and phloem of non-sprouting bud branch. In autumn, the deterioration of leaves, the abnormal leaves on the top of branch, and browning of veins or petioles are also observed. 2. The soil of non-sprouting bud mulberry Held were found to be sand loom derived from granite rocks. The sub soil of it was very poor in development of root system because it had hard soil and lower pore space ratio. Especially, the sub soil to bring about severe non-sprouting bud had been easily appeared with deficiency of moisture content because of high density solid. 3. Content of soil moisture was significantly lower in the severe non-sprouting bud soil than in the healthy field. The sub soil o( the healthy field contained proper moisture content. On the other hand, the sub soil of the severe non-sprouting bud held contained almost critical moisture content for wilting. 4. The depth of available soil was shallow in the non-sprouting bud than in the healthy fold. The more rate of the non-sprouting bud was severe, the more available soil depth was sallow. 5. Available boron content in soil was affected by moisture content in soil. There was. lower moisture content in the non-sprouting bud field than that in healthy fold during 5, June to 5, September. 6. There was no significant correlation between soil pH and available boron content. On the other hand, the correlation of the content of organic matter and available boron content appeared to be highly positive significance. 7. The quantity of boron was significantly contained more in healthy mulberry field (0.34∼0.43ppm) than in non-sprouting bud field (0.10∼0.28ppm). 8. Boron content in leaves and barks was significantly lower in the non-sprouting bud trees than in healthy trees. 9. The symptom of non-sprouting bud induced from boron free sand culture was similar with that arised in the non-sprouting bud field. 10. The rate of non-sprouting bud was high by the increased application of lime. Considering the facts mentioned the above, author may conclude that the non-sprouting bud of mulberry tree is caused by boron deficiency, but also it is affected by the parent rocks, organic matter, soil moisture content and lime application. 11. The non$.$sprouting bud may be completely controlled by the application of 6∼9kg borax per 10a mulberry field twice a year in spring and summer.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.78 no.3
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• pp.203-209
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• 2015

Background: Induced sputum (IS) has been used to collect airway secretions in subjects who have inadequate sputum production. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of IS for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in adults unable to expectorate sputum. Methods: Medical records of 39 PTB patients who underwent IS due to absence of spontaneous sputum production between January 2011 and March 2014 at a tertiary hospital in South Korea were reviewed. Results of acid fast bacilli smear, Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture and polymerase chain reaction assay for M. tuberculosis (TB-PCR) of IS specimens from these patients were analyzed. Clinical and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) characteristics were also analyzed to find characteristics associated with IS culture positivity. Results: Of the 39 IS specimens from PTB patients, 7 (17.9%) were smear positive and 31 (79.5%) were culture positive. Twenty-four IS specimens were tested for TB-PCR and 13 (54.2%) were positive on TB-PCR. Multivariate analysis showed that younger age (p=0.04) and presence of tree-in-bud appearance on HRCT (p=0.03) were independent predictors of IS culture positivity. Conclusion: IS is useful for the diagnosis of PTB in adults unable to expectorate sputum. Younger age and tree-in-bud appearance on HRCT were associated with IS culture positivity in these patients.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.567-575
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• 2009

Organic pear (Pyrus pyriforia) fruits have remarkably increased in Korea since year 2000 due to increase consumer's demand for the fruit, and the farmers are keep trying to change their cultivation system that is replaced from conventional farming to organic-base farming for the fruit. However, there is little information for the soil properties, tree nutrition, and tree growth at organic orchards in Korea. Therefore, this study was established to investigate for the chemical properties of soils and leaf and bud characteristics of a conventional and organic pear trees in experimental orchards for two years. Commercial (Sanwool, YoungHwa Co., Korea) compost was applied to the orchard soils with conventional farming systems for two years for pear trees (10 to 15 year old trees) in KyungSan, Korea. The compost application increased pH, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and, microbial biomass in the soil. The compost treatment also increased specific leaf weight and foliar $P_2O_5$ concentration as well as leaf and floral bud sizes.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.59-71
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• 2014

This study was conducted to find out the freezing hardness of apple tree as influenced by dwarfrootstocks, cultivars, and low temperature treatments. The dwarf-rootstocks used were M.9 and M.26, and three cultivars used were early-maturing 'Tsugaru', mid-maturing 'Hongro', and late-maturing 'Fuji'. Chilling temperatures were applied from $0^{\circ}C$ to $-40^{\circ}C$. Checking points of apple tree for freezing hardness were rootstock, trunk, feather, floral bud and foliar bud. Investigations were evaluated by the measure of water loss, electrolyte leaching, and sprouting. The results did not show the differences in water loss, electrolyte leaching, and sprouting by dwarf-rootstocks. Water loss of 'Fuji' was lower than that of 'Tsugaru' and 'Hongro', but sprouting ratio of 'Fuji' was higher than that of 'Tsugaru' and 'Hongro'. Water loss and electrolyte leaching increased as treated by lower temperature, while sprouting ratio decreased. In $-35^{\circ}C$ treatment, sprouting of rootstock and trunk part were higher than that of feather, while sprouting of floral bud was lower than that of foliar bud. Sprouting of bourse shoot at the accumulated low temperature in terms of $-10^{\circ}C$ per day was 100% in the 28 days, and sharply decreased about 50% in the 35 days. In conclusion, there were no differences in freezing hardness between M.9 and M.26, but freezing hardness of late-maturing cultivar was tended to stronger than that of early-maturing and mid-maturing cultivars. Freezing hardness of floral bud was extremely weak $-30^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.198-205
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• 2021

Objectives: Antibiotics help treat Vaginitis, and prolonged usage of antibiotics can lead to resistance. Methods: This study investigates the antimicrobial activity of two types of lactic acid bacteria using essential oils. After cultivation by adding grapefruit seed extract (GSE), eucalyptus, tea tree, clove bud, cinnamon, lemongrass, thyme, and ginger oils in a specific ratio, pathogenic microorganisms, namely E. coli, C. albicans, and lactic acid bacteria were released. The number of bacteria was measured using a medium suitable for the strains. Results: The essential oils and GSE inhibited pathogenic microorganisms, and the inhibitory concentration of GSE against pathogenic bacteria (E. coli, C. albicans) was confirmed. The non-inhibitory mixing ratio was also confirmed (50 μl of eucalyptus globulus (EG) oil and 50 μl of melaleuca alternifolia oil (tea tree oil, TTO) at 200 ppm GSE (pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0)). Conclusion: Essential oils can be considered as an alternative to antibiotics because of their antibacterial properties. They are useful as auxiliary antibacterial agents for patients under long-term antibiotic treatment.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.535-542
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• 2018

The current study investigated the beneficial effects of 15 essential oils isolated from tree branches, leaves, and flowers. Among these oils, clove bud and Illicium anisatum oils showed the most potent anti-oxidant effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'azinbis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activities. Next, we evaluated the antibacterial effects of 15 essential oils on Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Streptococcus mutans. Clove bud significantly decreased growth of 5 bacterial strains. In addition, clove bud, Magnolia kobus, Picea abies and Chamaecyparis obtuse significantly reduced growth of the fungi, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. Additionally, clove bud also remarkably reduced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible NO synthase in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 cells. These results indicate that essential oils isolated from trees, which exhibit antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties, may be potentially useful in the development of cosmetic ingredients.