• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.421-429
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• 2016

Tenebrio molitor larvae contain large amounts of proteins, lipids and other functional materials, enabling this insect to be used as an edible food source in animal feeds and for industrialization. Although many efforts have been made to set up mass rearing systems, few studies have been conducted to establish optimal rearing conditions for the production of high quality T. molitor larvae. Herein we investigated 1) the effects of additional diets on the survival and fecundity of the insect, 2) the relationship between oviposition period and the uniformity of larval size, 3) the effects of rearing density and temperature on insect development, and 4) the storage stability of eggs and pupae at low temperatures given possible temporary production discontinuation. The addition of carrot and zucchini to the traditional wheat bran diet significantly increased the survival and fecundity rate of adult T. molitor. Of the three different oviposition sampling periods (3, 7, and 14 days) used to investigate the uniformity of the hatched larvae in each treatment, the period of 3 and 7 days provided higher uniformity than the 14 days oviposition period. Larval development was faster at $30^{\circ}C$ than at 20, 25, and $35^{\circ}C$. Interestingly, oviposition rates were highest at $20^{\circ}C$ but showed much slower larval development and lower uniformity at $30^{\circ}C$. Regarding the effect of larval rearing densities (1, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 larvae per 90 mm diam. dish), larval weight was significantly reduced at higher rearing densities, but larval longevity and length were not influenced by rearing density. The 30 larvae/dish is suggested to be a reasonable density to be applied to mass production systems. When kept at $4^{\circ}C$, T. molitor eggs showed a significant reduction in hatching rate; however, when stored under the same conditions, pupae emergence rates remained high until 10 weeks, suggesting that storage at low temperatures is more suitable for the pupal stage than the egg stage. Our findings suggest that an increase in T. molitor adult survival and fecundity rates and a uniformity of hatched larval development can be achieved with the following recommendations: a combination diet (including wheat bran), a 7-day oviposition period; a larvae-rearing temperature of $30^{\circ}C$, a rearing density of 30 larvae/dish, and the storage of pupal stages at low temperatures in the case of rearing discontinuation. This study serves as a strong foundation for the successful mass production of high quality T. molitor larvae.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.341-348
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• 2020

This research is to find out which position is more effective on exercise. This study compared paricipants in their twenties on sitting position & standing position doing abdominal breathing of their respiration & abdominal muscle activation for 4 weeks. In sitting position, FEV1 was the biggest after breathing exercise. In standing position, the gap was biggest between the FEV1 & forced expiratory flow before and after the exercise. In standing and supine position, Lt. rectus abdominis before exercise and Rt. rectus abdominis after exercise muscle activities were the biggiest. Both posture exercise of repeated measure of analysis result, before and after the exercise of the rectus abdomonis muscle and external oblique muscle were not difference in both muscle activity(p>.05). Left Musculus obliquus externus abdominis before and after physical exercise, it's showed a meaningful difference(p<0.05). Before and after exercise, saw a meaningful difference the efforts of FEV1/FVC(p<0.05). The left external oblique abdominis muscle showed the most muscle activity in the supine position before/after exercising, the efforts expiratory showed the lowest muscle activity.The results from the repeated measures ANOVA regarding to before/after the volume and muscle activity, it showed significant difference between at the right rectus abdominis muscle(p<.05). This study finally gathered data about the muscle activity according to the position. This could be used to find in what position the abdominal breath exercise is the post effective & a new treatment for the patients who has worsened respiration function.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.34-45
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• 1992

In this county, the gap between the urban 'haves' and the rural 'have-nots' continues to be an increasing problem. WHO and UNICEF see primary health care(PHC) as the key to achieving an acceptable level of health throughout the world as a community development. PHC is essential health care made accessible to individuals and families in the community by means acceptable to them. It is the first level of contact of individual, the family, and community with the national health system. It includes at least education on health system. It includes at least education on health problems, promotion of food supply, MCH including family planning, immunization against infectious diseases, control of endemic diseases, treatment of common diseases and injuries, promotion of mental health, and provision of essential drugs. However, of the aboves, education concerning of mental health problems and the methods to identify, prevent, and control them is the principal step of establishment. In Korea, the category of PHC worker includes the physician as public doctor and nurse as primary health care practitioner and community health leader as village health worker. PHC workers of the aboves will thus function best if they are appropriately trained to respond to the health needs of the community. However in this country, since the national PHC service project launched in 1980, the government has not developed and performed appropriate and enough education and training activities. In light of above reasons, several categories of health education activities had been planned and performed being aimed at above specific target groups and the main focus was on the village health workers for about one year from July 1991 to July 1992 in Yeoju Kun of Kyonki Province. At the end of the period, evaluation of education input was carried out to measure the improvement of healthful life of people in terms of awareness, attitude, and practice. At the end of the period, evaluation of education input was carried out to measure the improvement of healthful life of people in terms of awareness, attitude, and practice. The totals of 80 village health workers, 13 public health practitioners and 9 public docters took in the course of health education for a few hours at every month and the evaluation works of educational effect were taken. The results the study were as follows. 1) Number of persons who realized the maxim "health care of the people is a duty of the government" increased after the education course, On the other hand, the rate of satisfaction on the effort of government for health promotion of the people decreased. 2) Public doctors and primary health care practitioners(nurses) liked and enjoyed the education schedule as a meeting of peer group. It provided chances of communication with staffs of Korea University Hospital. It was said that lectures covered great deal of knowledge and technic they urgently needed in the field. 3) After finishing the education course, more of village health workers(VHW) thought they adapted themselves to their roles and functions showing increased number of home visit and contact with primary health care practitioners by month. 4) In case of patient refer, VHW preferred primary health care practitioners to public doctors. 5) Capability of VHWs in most of their functions increased dramatically after when the education course finished except tuberculosis control.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.579-584
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• 2009

In this experiment, three different diets were produced to investigate the effects of Jeju native chicken eggs fed with citrus peel on the profiles of rats. The first diet did not contain any eggs (TS), the second diet contained 10% eggs and no citrus peels (T0), and the third diet contained 10% chicken egg with citrus peels (T1). These diets were provided to 11-week-old male rats for four weeks. The weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency were not significantly different between the three treatment groups, TS, T0, and T1. The weight of the liver was significantly higher in T0 and T1 than TS (p<0.05), but the weights of the kidney and epididymal fat pad were not significantly different between the TS, T0, and T1 groups. The total lipid, phospholipid, triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol did not significantly difference among the TS, T0, and T1 groups. The HDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol/ total cholesterol of T1 were the highest among the groups, and the atherogenic index of T1 was the lowest among the groups (p<0.05). The total protein of TS was significantly lower in T0 and T1, and the albumin of T1 was the highest among the groups (p<0.05). The albumin/globulin ratio of TS was significantly higher in T0 and T1, but the creatinine of T0 was significantly higher in T0 and T1 (p<0.05). The blood sugar and blood pigment were not significantly different between the TS, T0, and T1 groups. The $\gamma$-GTP of T1 was the lowest among the groups (p<0.05), but the ALT, AST and ALP did not show significant difference among the TS, T0, and T1 groups.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2004

Environmentally sound control of Japanese lawngrass cutworm, Spodoptera depravata with Korean entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan, Steinernema carpocapsae GSNI , S. glaseri Dongrae, S. longicaudum Nonsan, and S. monticolum Jiri) was evaluated in the laboratory and field. In addition, effect of turf height on the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes and density of ant (Formica japonica) and spine-tailed earwigs (Forficula scudderi) were investigated in the field. The corrected mortality of 3rd instar of S. depravata larvae was 53.3% to 66.7% 5 days later after treatment of entomopathogenic nematodes. $LC_{50}$ value of S. carpocapsae GSN1 and S. monticolum Jiri against 3rd instar of S. depravata was 6.9 and 3.9, respectively. Pathogenicity of S. carpocapsae GSN1 was different depending on larval stages, i.e., mortality of 2nd instar was the highest representing 73.3% but decreased from 3rd instar. Turf height affected pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes. Mortality of 4th instar of S. depravata was 40.0% by S. carpocapsae GSN1 and 33.3% by S. monticolum Jiri, and 83.3% by fenitrothion, respectively, in the turf height of 14mm, but those were lower in 45mm. The corrected mortality of S. depravata larvae was lower at the entomopathgenic nematode plots than fenitrothion plot in the distribution field of Formica japonica. However, reduction rate of F japonica was higher in fenitrothion by 56.7% compared with 0% in S. carpocapsae GSN1 and 6.7% in S. monticolum Jiri. Turf height influenced control of S. depravate in S. carpocapsae GSN1 and fenitrothion. Control value of S. carpocapsae GSN1 was 62.2% in the turf height of 3-4cm, but not effective at all in 6-8cm and 12-14cm. However, there was not significantly different in fenitrothion plots. Forficula Scudderi was also reduced only in fenitrothion plots. Reduction rate was 100% in 3-4cm, 41.7% in 6-8cm, and 16.7% in 12-14cm, respectively.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.171-187
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• 2001

Objective : Moxibustion has been proved efficacious for many diseases, but isn't widespread in the clinics due to a danger of skin burning, the smoke produced while burning a moxa combustion and so on. Therefore, another type of moxa that can be resolved these troubles is required. To improve the effect of moxibustion and develop the new thermal stimulating treatment, the performance of commercial moxibustion widely used are studied systematically and found out quantitatively. Methods : We have selected two types (small-size moxa A(sMA), small-size moxa B (sMB)) among small-size moxaes used widely in the clinic. We examined combustion time, various temperatures, temperature gradient in each period during a combustion of moxa. Results : 1. The combustion time in the preheating period appeared somewhat longer in sMA than in sMB. 2, The combustion time in the heating period appeared longer in sMA by 26% than in sMB. 3. The average temperature in the heating period was $37.6{\sim}37.8^{\circ}C\;in\;sMA\;and\;36.2{\sim}36.8^{\circ}C$ in sMB and the maximum temperature measured at a center of contact surface in sMA was $48.6^{\circ}C$, higher by over $2.8^{\circ}C$ than that of sMB moxibustion. 4. The average ascending temperature gradient in the heating period was $0.08{\sim}0.1^{\circ}C/sec$ in both moxaes, and the average ascending temperature gradient of heating period in sMB appeared larger. The maximum ascending temperature gradient appeared higher in sMB, and the time reaching maximum ascending temperature gradient appeared much earlier in sMA than in sMB. 5. The combustion time in the retaining period was around 100 sec in sMA and around 275 sec in sMB. 6. The average temperature in the retaining period was $42.2{\sim}46.0^{\circ}C\;in\;sMA\;and\;39.3{\sim}41.4^{\circ}C/sec$ in sMB. The minimum temperature in the retaining period was over $38.80^{\circ}C$ in sMA but just $34.7^{\circ}C$ in sMB. 7. The average descending temperature gradient in sMA was $-0.050{\sim}0.067^{\circ}C/sec$ and in sMB was $-0.030{\sim}0.037^{\circ}C/sec$ 8. The combustion time in the cooling period appeared longer over two times in sMA than in sMB, and the time which the cooling period (minimum temperature) finished at appeared later in sMB by 55 sec. 9. We classified the combustion process that the measured temperature rose over body heat($37^{\circ}C$) into the effective combustion period. The effective combustion time was 233.3 sec in sMA and 300.4 sec in sMB respectively, and was longer by about 29% in sMB. The average temperature and maximum temperature in the effective combustion time appeared higher in sMA. The time taken until the maximum temperature was reached was 225.1 sec in sMA and 244.5 sec in sMB, faster by about 20 sec in sMA. The maximum ascending temperature gradient during the effective combustion period appeared larger about 1.4 times in sMB, but the time when the maximum ascending temperature gradient happened was faster in sMA. Conclusion : It appears that sMB, compared with sMA, is proper if necessary to apply the long time and weak stimulus, because of the gentle stimulus during the relatively longer time. In contrast, sMA that the symmetrical combustion happened is proper if necessary to apply the short time and strong stimulus.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.231-238
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• 1999

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of developmental stage and embryo age of in vitro produced bovine blastocysts after vitrification and thawing. In vitro cultured day 8 blastocysts after IVF were equilibrated 20% ethylene glycol (EG) for 3 min. and were vitrified using EFS40, which is consisted of 40% EG, 18% ficoll, 0.3M sucrose and 10% FBS added in mDPBS for 30 sec. before being plunged into $LN_2$. Also, survival in vitro was assessed by re-expansion and hatching or hatched at 24 hand 48 h postwarming, respectively. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows; 1) When the embryos were cultured for 8 day after IVF, 41.0% of the cleaved embryos developed to the blastocysts (early; 7.6%, expanded; 22.9%, hatching; 4.6% and hatched; 5.9%). 2) When the embryos were exposed or vitrified to the freezing solution, the re-expansion of vitrified embryos (73.3%) was significantly lower than that of control and exposed embryos (100, 97.0%) (p<0.05). But the formation rate of hatching or hatched blastocysts of vitrified embryos (66.7, 46.7%) at 48h after thawing was similar to that of exposed embryos (66.7, 39.4%) but not control (100, 100%) (p<0.01). However, in the total cell numbers of those developed hatched blastocysts, there were not significantly different among the treatment groups. 3) When the embryo survival rates by different developmental stage were examined, the re-expansion was not different among the groups $(64.5{\sim}75.6%)$. After warming 48 h, the hatching and hatched formation of early blastocysts (25.8, 9.7%) was significantly lower than those of expanded (69.7, 39.4%) and hatching blastocysts (53.3, 43.3%) (p<0.05). 4) In addition, when the expanded blastocysts at day 7, 8 and 9 were vitrified, the re-expansion of day 8 and 9 embryos was significantly lower than that of day 7 (day 7; 93.9%, day 8; 75.8% and day 9; 87.5%) (p<0.05). However, the rates of development to hatched blastocysts were no difference among the groups (day 7; 36.4%, day 8; 36.4% and day 9; 31.3%). These results suggested that in vitro produced expanded or hatching blastocysts can be efficiently cryopreserved by the two-step vitrification method using EFS40.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.17 no.6 s.90
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• pp.947-953
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• 2005

Previous test results showed that the current ASTM(American Standard for Testing and Materials) grip adapter for GFRP(Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer) rebar was not fully successful in developing the design tensile strength of GFRP rebars with reasonable accuracy. It is because the current ASTM grip adapter which is composed of a pair of rectangular metal blocks of which inner faces are grooved along the longitudinal direction does not take into account the various geometric characteristics of GFRP rebar such as surface treatment, shape of bar cross section as well as physical characteristics such as poisson effect, elastic modulus in the transverse direction and so on. The objective of this paper is to provide how to proportion the optimum diameter of inner groove in ASTM grip adapter to develop design tensile strength of GFRP rebar. The proportioning of inner groove in ASTM grip adapter is based on the force equilibrium of GFRP rebar between tensile capacity and minimum frictional resistance required along the grip adapter. The frictional resistance of grip adapter is calculated based on the compressive strain compatibility in radial direction induced by the difference between diameter of GFRP rebar and inner groove In ASTM grip. All testing procedures were made according to the CSA S806-02 recommendations. From the preliminary test results on round-type GFRP rebars, it was found that maximum tensile loads acquired under the same testing conditions is highly affected by the diameter of inner groove in ASTM grip adapter. The grip adapter with specific dimension proportioned by proposed method recorded the highest tensile strength among them.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.21-35
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• 1997

The Ag-Pd-Cu alloys containing a small amount of Au is commonly used for dental purposes, because this alloy is cheaper than Au-base alloys for clinical use. However, the most important characteristic of this alloy is age-hardenability, which is not exhibited by other Ag-base dental alloys. The specimens used were Ag-20Pd-20Cu ternary alloy and Au addition alloy. These alloys were melted and casted by induction electic furace and centrifugal casting machine in Ar atmoshpere. These specimens were solution treated for 2hr at $800^{\circ}C$ and were then quenched into iced water, and aged at $350{\sim}550^{\circ}C$ Age-hardening characteristics of the small Au-containing Ag-pPd-Cu dental alloys were investigated by means of hardness testing, X-ray diffraction and electron microscope observations, electrical resistance, differential scanning calorimetric, emergy dispersed spectra and electron probe microanalysis. Principal results are as follows : Hardening occured in two stages, I. e., stage I in low temperature and stage II in high temperature regions, during continuous aging. The case of hardening in stage I was due to the formation of the Llo type face centered tetragonal PdCu-ordered phase in the grain interior and hardening in stage I was affedted by the Cu concentration. In stage II, decomposition of the $\alpha$ solid solution to a PdCu ordered phase(L1o type) and an Agrich ${\alpha}2$ phase occurred and a discontiunous precipitation occurred at the grain boundary. Form the electron microscope study, it was concluded that the cause of age-hardening in this alloy is the precipitation of the PdCu ordered phase, which has AuCu I type face-centered tetragonal structure. Precipitation procedure was ${\alpha}\to{\alpha}+{\alpha}2+PdCu\to{\alpha}1+{\alpha}2+PdCu$ at Pd/Cu = 1 Ag-Pd-Cu alloy is more effective dental alloy as ageing treatment and is suitable to isothermal ageing at $450^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2005

Since many reports for the influence of the essential oils on the oral microorganism were presented, it is important to use the essential oils in clinical field. At the present day which emphasized the quality of life, oral malodor is one of the serious problems, so we need to try to decrease of oral malodor. This study was designed to make on evidence of the effect of essential oils to oral malodor clinically and to develop on effective treatment for oral malodor by using the dental paste which contains essential oils. 40 dental students volunteered to participate in this study and double blind test was used. At the beginning, all subjects were measured their morning malodor prior to this experiment, at the 3cm posterior to their incisal edge of the oral cavity by Halimeter(Interscan Co. Chatsworth, CA). After that we divided the students in half into two groups A and B. We have supplied different tooth pastes, dental paste A and B, to two groups respectively. The dental paste B contained essential oils which are tea tree, lemon and peppermint. All students used different tooth pastes everyday for 3 weeks. And all students were measured their morning malodor every week with the same method by using Halimeter. This study was resulted that ; 1. The dental paste which contains essential oils has continuously decreased the morning malodor during the whole period of experiments. 2. The number of students with increase in their morning malodor was generally decreased in the group B who used the toothpaste which contains essential oils, compared with the group A who used the toothpaste which didn't contain essential oils on the 2nd and 3rd week of the experiment. 3. In the group B, the average data on increasing rate of morning malodor was less than in the group A. 4. In the 2nd and 3rd week of the experiment, the data on the rate of morning malodor of the group B was generally decreased continuously compared with the group A. These results have statistically significance under 95% confidence interval of the difference.(p$\leq$0.05) As the result, the toothpaste which was containing essential oils was effective in decreasing the morning malodor.