• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.455-462
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• 2018

The measurement and monitoring of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) play an important role in the planning and operation of wastewater treatment plants. The most basic method for determining biochemical oxygen demand is direct measurement. However, this method is both expensive and takes a long time. A five-day period is required to determine the biochemical oxygen demand. This study has been carried out in a wastewater treatment plant in Turkey (Hurma WWTP) in order to estimate the biochemical oxygen demand a shorter time and with a lower cost. Estimation was performed using artificial neural network (ANN) method. There are three different methods in the training of artificial neural networks, respectively, multi-layered (ML-ANN), teaching learning based algorithm (TLBO-ANN) and artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC-ANN). The input flow (Q), wastewater temperature (t), pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended sediment (SS), total phosphorus (tP), total nitrogen (tN), and electrical conductivity of wastewater (EC) are used as the input parameters to estimate the BOD. The root mean squared error (RMSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE) values were used in evaluating performance criteria for each model. As a result of the general evaluation, the ML-ANN method provided the best estimation results both training and test series with 0.8924 and 0.8442 determination coefficient, respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.45-67
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• 2022

Currently, there are about 20,000 or so known ancient medical texts from the East Asian medical traditions. Although the most famous texts are widely known, many texts still exist only as original manuscripts. We are interested exploring these texts to uncover the potential benefits of their therapeutic knowledge. This study aims to develop a database program that automatically converts the treatment skills described in the text version into a more structured version. In the previous study, our team analyzed patterns in the way that treatment skills are described and then tried to design a database program algorithm that identified every meaningful keyword used to describe treatment skills and put that word in the right cell of a structured table. This study continues the development of this program. East Asian medical herbal treatment information is broken down into 4 elements: the first one is the name or title of treatment skills, and the second is the symptoms to which the treatment is applied, the third is ingredients used, the fourth is how information is processed and the indications taken. This study presents the algorithm's principles on how to analyze and structure the fourth element, the processing of information and taking of indications, which is described in a form of ancient natural language.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.79-84
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• 2021

The fundamental element to be kept for big data analysis, artificial intelligence technologies and asset management system is a data quality, which could directly affect the entire system reliability. For this reason, the momentum of data cleaning works is recently increased and data cleaning methods have been investigating around the world. In the field of electric power, however, asset data cleaning methods have not been fully determined therefore, automatic cleaning algorithm of asset data for transmission cables has been studied in this paper. Cleaning algorithm is composed of missing data treatment and outlier data one. Rule-based and expert opinion based cleaning methods are converged and utilized for these dirty data.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.28-40
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• 2022

Although precise temperature control in the heat treatment process is a key factor in process reliability, there are many cases where there is no separate heat source control optimization system in the field. To solve this problem, the program monitors the temperature data according to the heat source change through sensor communication in a recursive method based on multiple variables that affect the process, and the target heat source value and the actual heat treatment heat source to match the internal air temperature and material temperature. A control optimization system was constructed. Through this study, the error rate between the target temperature and the atmosphere (material surface) temperature of around 10.7% with the existing heat source control method was improved to an improved result of around 0.1% using a process optimization algorithm and system.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.370-378
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• 2019

In the recent years, various studies have presented stable and economic methods for increased regulations and compliance in sewage treatment plants. In some sewage treatment plants, the effluent concentration exceeded the regulations, or the effluent concentration was manipulated. This indicates that the process is currently inefficient to operate and control sewage treatment plants. The operation and control method of sewage treatment plant is mathematically dealing with a physical and chemical mechanism for the anticipated situation during operation. In addition, there are some limitations, such as situations that are different from the actual sewage treatment plant. Therefore, it is necessary to find a more stable and economical way to enhance the operational and control method. AI (Artificial Intelligence) technology is selected among various methods. There are very few cases of applying and utilizing AI technology in domestic sewage treatment plants. In addition, it failed to define specific definitions of applying AI technologies. The purpose of this study is to present the application of AI technology to domestic sewage treatment plants by comparing and analyzing various cases. This study presented the AI technology algorithm system, verification method, data collection, energy and operating costs as methods of applying AI technology.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.21.1-21.12
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• 2020

The aim of this article was to review age-dependent clinical recommendations for appropriate root canal instrumentation techniques. A comprehensive narrative review of canal morphology, the structural characteristics of dentin, and endodontic outcomes at different ages was undertaken instead of a systematic review. An electronic literature search was carried out, including the Medline (Ovid), PubMed, and Web of Science databases. The searches used controlled vocabulary and free-text terms, as follows: 'age-related root canal treatment,' 'age-related instrumentation,' 'age-related chemo-mechanical preparation,' 'age-related endodontic clinical recommendations,' 'root canal instrumentation at different ages,' 'geriatric root canal treatment,' and 'pediatric root canal treatment.' Due to the lack of literature with practical age-based clinical recommendations for an appropriate root canal instrumentation technique, a narrative review was conducted to suggest a clinical algorithm for choosing the most appropriate instrumentation technique during root canal treatment. Based on the evidence found through the narrative review, an age-related clinical algorithm for choosing appropriate instrumentation during root canal treatment was proposed. Age affects the morphology of the root canal system and the structural characteristics of dentin. The clinician's awareness of root canal morphology and dentin characteristics can influence the choice of instruments for root canal treatment.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2008

Objective : A working group of psychiatrists from the Korean Academy of Anxiety Disorders was established to determine the appropriate medication algorithm for treating patients with panic disorder. In this article, we discussed the consensus among psychiatrists regarding the use of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) in the development of a treatment algorithm for panic disorder in Korea. Methods : Based on the guidelines or algorithms published by the American Psychiatric Association, National Institute for Clinical Excellence, and Canadian Psychiatric Association, we constructed questionnaires regarding the core components and contents of CBT for patients with panic disorder. Fifty-four experts in panic disorder completed the questionnaires. Results : There was statistically significant consensus among the experts in the belief that cognitive reconstruction and psychological education are the core components of CBT for the treatment of patients with panic disorder. However, there was some inconsistency between the opinions of some experts regarding the content and frequency of CBT and the results of studies published outside of Korea. Conclusions : CBT, especially the psychological education and cognitive reconstruction components, should be considered when treating patients with panic disorder. However, further consideration needs to be put into the design of a more detailed treatment guideline for the use of CBT in the treatment of patients with panic disorder.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.185-188
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• 1996

In this paper, a fuzzy PNN algorithm is proposed to estimate the structure and parameters of fuzzy model, using the PNN based on GMDH algorithm. New algorithm uses PNN algorithm and fuzzy reasoning in order to identify the premise structure and parameter of fuzzy implications rules, and the leastsquare method in order to identify the optimal consequence parameters. Both time series data for gas furnace and data for wastewater treatment process are used for the purpose of evaluating the performance of the fuzzy PNN. The results show that the proposed technique can produce the fuzzy model with higher accuracy than other works achieved previously.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.40-45
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• 2017

This data mining technique was used to extract useful information from percutaneous coronary intervention data obtained from the US public data homepage. The experiment was performed by extracting data on the area, frequency of operation, and the number of deaths. It led us to finding of meaningful correlations, patterns, and trends using various algorithms, pattern techniques, and statistical techniques. In this paper, information is obtained through efficient decision tree and cluster analysis in predicting the incidence of percutaneous coronary intervention and mortality. In the cluster analysis, EM algorithm was used to evaluate the suitability of the algorithm for each situation based on performance tests and verification of results. In the cluster analysis, the experimental data were classified using the EM algorithm, and we evaluated which models are more effective in comparing functions. Using data mining technique, it was identified which areas had effective treatment techniques and which areas were vulnerable, and we can predict the frequency and mortality of percutaneous coronary intervention for heart disease.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.253-260
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• 2016

To reduce energy consumption in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), renewable energy applications such as small hydropower, solar energy, and wind energy are popular. However, it should be noticed that energy originated from operation of wastewater treatment process can be reduced through optimized operation based on analysis of factors affecting energy. In this research, the relationship to the various operational variables and influent factors was explored using correlation analysis and decision tree algorithm. Due to the non-linear characteristics of the process, it was difficult to find clear linear patterns through correlation analysis. However, decision tree algorithm showed its usefulness in uncovering hidden patterns that consume energy. As operational factors, influent flowrate, the amount of aeration, nitrate recycling pumping rate, and sludge wasting pumping rate were selected as important factors. For environmental factors associated with influent compositions and removal rate, BOD and T-N removal rate were selected as significant factors.