• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.294-301
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• 2021

In the present study, we investigate the effects of long-term heat treatment at elevated temperatures on the mechanical softening of the Mn-Mo-Ni low-alloy steel. The influence of long-term heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical strength was evaluated. To simulate the long-term material degradation, heat treatment test was interrupted at several stages up to 10,000 hours in an electric furnace. The Mn-Mo-Ni low-alloy steel shows a typical bainitic phase, which consists of a well-developed lath substructure with fine precipitates along the lath boundaries. However, these fine precipitates were redissolved into the matrix with long-term heat treatment, and then the lath substructures were recovered. Consequently, ultimate tensile strength and yield strength decreased during long-term heat treatment showing a mechanical softening phenomenon.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.35-62
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• 2008

Objectives : This study has been carried out to look into the methods of early treatment of cerebral palsy and the treatment effect by ages. Methods : The fifteen theses dealing with treatment effects by ages were analyzed, which were selected from the 121 theses retrieved out of the wu-ruan(五軟), wu-chi(五遲), wu-ying(五硬), naotan(腦癱), naoxing-tanhuan(腦性癱癱), during the period between the January 2004 to August 2008 by using the China Academic Journal(CAJ) of China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI). Results : 1. Among the study objects in the 15 theses, it was identified that there were 1.97 times more boys with cerebral palsy than that of girls, and it appeared that there was no significant relationship between gender and the treatment. 2. The early treatment referred to the treatment which was carried out based on the early diagnosis within 6 months to one year after the birth. This is the time when the adaptability and plasticity of the brain are high, and it was found out that the treatment effective as babies are young. 3. For the treatment of cerebral palsy, the combination of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Therapy was more frequently used than the exclusive Chinese medical treatment method, and it was more effective. Especially in the case, the Chinese medical treatment was focused on the acupuncture and the Tuina Massage. Conclusions : 1. For the treatment of cerebral palsy, when the age between one and two years old was established as the standard. The younger the babies were, the higher treatment effects were obtained. 2. It appeared that the early treatment of oriental medicine had relatively excellent effects on cerebral palsy, but it turned out that we needed more studies for accurate results.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.37 no.1 s.120
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• pp.29-43
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• 2007

Objective: To establish proper diagnosis and treatment plan for skeletal Class II malocclusions, some important factors to consider are the patient's skeletal morphology, prognosis as well as the treatment effects. Therefore, the present study analyzed the effects of activator treatment on different skeletal patterns in growing Class II malocclusion patients. Methods: A total of 116 patients (53 boys & 63 girls) in the experimental group were treated with the activator appliance. The experimental group was classified into either hyperdivergent or hypodivergent groups according to articular and genial angles. Results: Patients with hypodivergent growth patterns showed good effects of activator treatment. Conclusion: It seems conceivable that through classifying adolescent Class II malocclusion patients into different skeletal patterns, activator treatment effects may be predicted during the diagnosis and treatment planning stage.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.1-17
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• 2009

Objectives : Alzheimer's disease(AD) is the most common form of dementia, which is characterized by progressive deterioration of memory and higher cortical functions that ultimately results in total degradation of intellectual and mental activities. Nokyongdaebo-tang(Lurongdabutang) has been usually used for the treatment for the deficiency syndrome dementia and amnesia. This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the Nokyongdaebo-tang(Lurongdabutang) hot water extract on pathological AD model. Methods : The effects of the Nokyongdaebo-tang(Lurongdabutang) hot water extract on cultured spinal cord cells induced by ${\beta}$-amyloid were investigated. The effects of the Nokyongdaebo-tan(Lurongdabutang) hot water extract on the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine were investigated. Results : 1. ${\beta}$-amyloid treatment on cultured spinal cord cells increased both GFAP-staining intensity of astrocytes and caspase 3 immunoreactivity on cultured cells. Then, Nokyongdaebo-tang(Lurongdabutang) treatment reduced the labeling intensity for both GFAP and caspase 3 proteins in culture cells. 2. Scopolamine treatment into mice increased levels of GFAP-positive astrocytes and caspase 3-labeled cells of the hippocampal subfields dentate hilar region, CA3 and CA1 area. In vivo administration of Nokyongdaebo-tang(Lurongdabutang) attenuated labeling intensity for those two proteins in the same hippocampal areas. Similar effects were observed by the treatment of galanthamine, an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Conclusions : This experiment shows that the Nokyongdaebo-tang(Lurongdabutang) may play a protective role in damaged neural tissues. Since neuronal damage seen in degenerative brains such as AD are largely unknown, the current data may provide possible insight into therapeutic strategies for AD treatments. Nokyongdaebo-tang(Lurongdabutang) might be effective for the prevention and treatment of AD.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.1278-1287
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• 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to report the effects of herbal medicine Jayeumganghwa-tang on reducing the major side effects of doxorubicin and carboplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Methods: The clinical outcomes for a 61-year-old patient treated with Jayeumganghwa-tang for the side effects of doxorubicin and carboplatin combination were recorded by self-evaluation. Results: In the treatment of adverse events caused by chemotherapy, the administration of Jayeumganghwa-tang showed a tendency to reduce their incidence and severity. Conclusions: This study suggests that Jayeumganghwa-tang may be a promising treatment for reducing the side effects of chemotherapy in patients with ovarian cancer.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.487-491
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• 2019

Conservative therapy with appropriate antibiotics is essential for most patients with infectious spondylitis. Although most antibiotics do not cause problems if it used properly and serious side effects are rare, side effects can occur with any class of drugs and adverse reactions of antibiotics can range from mild allergic reactions to serious and fulminant adverse events. These side effects are also extremely variable from patient to patient and from antibiotic to antibiotic. A side effect of antibiotics may paradoxically increase inflammatory marker levels. Here, the author presents two cases of antibiotic-induced increase in inflammatory markers in cured infectious spondylitis. The patients were successfully treated after stopping the antibiotic therapy. The differential diagnosis between antibiotic side effects and infection should be considered very carefully because the treatment is completely different. Although the exact mechanisms underlying successful treatment without antibiotics are unclear, we should consider the side effects of antibiotics when following inflammatory markers during treatment of infectious spondylitis.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2021

Natural nonwoven silk fabric has attracted researchers' attention owing to its unique properties as a biomaterial. It is fabricated by reeling, wetting, and hot pressing natural silk filament from silkworm cocoons. In this study, silkworm cocoons were immersed in water at different temperatures for various durations to examine the effects of wet treatment on their crystallinity and morphology. As the treatment temperature and time increased, the cocoon's silk filament separation became more evident, and fibroin strands were observed in it. The crystallinity indexes of the silkworm cocoons increased until a treatment time of 2 h and remained constant thereafter. The increase in the crystallinity index using wet treatment was enhanced by increasing the treatment temperature. Although the weight loss of the silkworm cocoon was insignificant until 40℃, it was appreciable above this temperature, and the degree of weight loss constantly increased with increases in the treatment temperature and time.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.858-879
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• 2009

Objectives : The object of this study was to investigate the effects of Daeboeum-hwan (DBEH) aqueous extracts on Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat diabetes and related complications. Methods : SD rats were divided into 6 groups (n =8) : 50 mM citrate buffer and vehicle (distilled water 5 ml/kg) administered group (Intact control), STZ treatment (60 mg/kg, single intraperitoneally administered) and vehicle administered group (STZ control), STZ treatment and silymarin 100 mg/kg administered group (Reference), and STZ treatment and DBEH extracts 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg administered groups. DBEH extracts were orally administered once a day for 28 days from 3 weeks after STZ treatment. The results were compared with silymarin 100 mg/kg. Results : Decreases in the body weights, increase of kidney and liver weights, blood glucose, BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, LDL, triglyceride and total cholesterol levels with decreases of HD L levels, increases of pancreatic MDA contents and decreases of GSH contents were detected in STZ control as compared with intact control. These diabetes and related complications were inhibited by treatment with 100 and 200 mg/kg of DBEH extracts. Conclusion : DBEH extracts showed favorable effects on STZ-induced diabetes and related complications mediated by their antioxidant effects as similar to silymarin. Because the lowest dosage (50 mg/kg) of DBEH treated group did not show any favorable effects as compared with STZ control, the effective dosages of DBEH is considered as about 100 mg/kg, while DBEH extracts at 200 mg/kg showed similar effects as compared with 100 mg/kg of silymarin. It, therefore, is expected that DBEH will show favorable effects on diabetes and various diabetic complications.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.85 no.3
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• pp.237-248
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• 2022

Background: We evaluated the effect of particulate matter (PM) and cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on bronchial epithelial cell survival, as well as oxidative stress and autophagy levels. Moreover, we aimed to assess the effect of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the adverse effects of PM and CSE exposure. Methods: Normal human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B cells) were exposed to urban PM with or without CSE, after which cytotoxic effects, including oxidative stress and autophagy levels, were measured. After identifying the toxic effects of urban PM and CSE exposure, the effects of NAC treatment on cell damage were evaluated. Results: Urban PM significantly decreased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, which was further aggravated by simultaneous treatment with CSE. Notably, pretreatment with NAC at 10 mM for 1 hour reversed the cytotoxic effects of PM and CSE co-exposure. Treatment with 1, 5, and 10 mM NAC was shown to decrease reactive oxygen species levels induced by exposure to both PM and CSE. Additionally, the autophagy response assessed via LC3B expression was increased by PM and CSE exposure, and this also attenuated by NAC treatment. Conclusion: The toxic effects of PM and CSE co-exposure on human bronchial epithelial cells, including decreased cell viability and increased oxidative stress and autophagy levels, could be partly prevented by NAC treatment.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.79-86
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• 2018

Objectives : Hemorrhoids are one of the most common diseases in humans. Jingyoganghwaltang (JG) and Cheongsimhwan (CS) have been used for treating hemorrhoids in Korean traditional clinical practice. The present study was designed to evaluate the traditional effects of JG and CS on the experimental hemorrhoid model in rats. Methods : Hemorrhoids are closely related to inflammation. Accordingly, we examined the nitric oxide (NO) production in macrophage cell line in order to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect. The expression levels of inflammation related genes including IL-1 beta, IL-6, INOS, and TNF-alpha were examined via a real-time quantitative PCR. Croton oil-induced hemorrhagic animal model was used to test the in vivo efficacy against hemorrhoids. The rectal tissues were weighed and the inflammatory proteins were measured to confirm the anti-inflammatory effects. Results : JG and CS have a statistically significant effect on inhibition of NO production and on the reduction of inflammatory gene expression such as IL-1 beta, IL-6, INOS, and TNF-alpha. The synergistic effects of co-treatment of JG and CS were found out in the IL-6 gene expression. The in vivo study using croton oil-induced hemorrhoid model in rat was performed to check the co-treatment effects. As a result, the co-treatment reduced the inflammation of the rectal tissue and decrease the inflammation related protein productions including ICAM1, MMP2 and MMP9. Conclusions : These results suggest that JG and CS co-treatment demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in croton oil-induced hemorrhoid model in rat.