• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.34-43
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of underwater treadmill gait training (UTGT) and overground treadmill gait training (OTGT) on the gait, balance ability and pulmonary function of stroke patients. Twenty subjects were recruited for this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: UTGT ($n_1$=10) and OTGT ($n_2$=10). The 10 m walk test (10 MWT), Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, center of pressure, pulmonary function of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume after 1 sec (FEV1) and FEV1/FVC were measured before and after 4 weeks of training. Both groups undertook the gait training for 30 min a day, 3 times a week, for 4 weeks, and rating of perceived exertion of the groups were measured and compared. All the studied variables were significantly improved in both groups (p<.05) at the end of the study, except in the FEV1 of OTGT (p>.05). There was significant between-group difference in all of the variables, except in the 10 MWT (p>.05). These findings suggest that UTGT is more effective than OTGT in improving the balance and pulmonary functions of stroke patients.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to determine how inclined-treadmill walking training with rhythmic auditory stimulation affects balance and gait in stroke patients. Methods: Ten chronic stroke patients, admitted to B hospital in Gangwon-do between August and October 2015, were trained 5 times per week for 4 weeks; each session lasted 30 minutes. To assess balance and gait before and after the training, the timed up and go (TUG) test, Berg balance scale (BBS), six minute walking test (6MWT), and three-dimensional spatiotemporal gait ability were used to measure the relevant variables. The data were analyzed using the paired t-test, and the statistical significance level was 0.05. Results: There were significant differences in the TUG, BBS, 6MWT, gait speed, cadence, single limb support (SLS), and symmetric index (SI) before and after training (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that the inclined-treadmill walking training with rhythmic auditory stimulation was effective at improving the balance and walking ability of stroke patients. Hearing training, using one of the basic procedures of proprioceptive neuromuscular stimulation, is considered to be an important aspect.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.363-370
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of speed variations in treadmill training on the thickness of lower extremity muscles. A total of 36 university students were divided into three groups: MVTG (n=12), HVTG (n=12), and ATG (n=12). Subjects in MVTG underwent treadmill training with their own average speed; those in HVTG underwent treadmill training with 130% speed of their own average speed; and those in ATG underwent treadmill training with alteration of speed, between 100% and 130% of their own average speed. Treadmill training was performed for 60 minutes a day, three times per week, for a total of 6 weeks. Ultrasonography was used to compare the muscle thickness between rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior. The result was as follows: The rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and gastrocnemius were significantly increased after the training period, and they also were statistically significant in interaction. Moreover, tibialis anterior was also significantly increased. Therefore, compared to the average-speed treadmill training, speed variations had a greater effect on thickening the lower extremity muscles. In the near future, we will conduct a study applying the findings from this study in a rehabilitation program for patients with gait disturbance due to nervous or musculoskeletal system disease.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.21-27
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to examine, in stroke patients, differences between backward walking training applied on a treadmill and the same training applied on the ground. Methods: Twenty seven stroke patients were divided into a treadmill backward walking group of 14 patients and a ground backward walking group of 13 subjects. Each group performed their respective training method for 8 weeks (15 min per day, 4 days a week). Walking ability was measured using a 10 m MWS (Maximal Walking Speed) test and the GAITRite system to examine changes in walking. Cadence, stridelength, step time, step length and symmetry index of the less affected side were measured to examine changes in stance phase of the lower extremity of the more affected side. Results: 10 m MWS, cadence, stride length, step time and step length of the less affected side significantly increased and symmetry index significantly decreased after training in both groups. The treadmill backward walking group experienced a significantly greater increase in step time and step length and a significantly greater decrease in symmetry index than the ground backward walking group. Conclusion: The two walking training methods were effective for improving stability in stance phase of the lower extremity of the more affected side, but the treadmill method was more effective. The present study is meaningful in that it analyzed the effects of backward walking training methods on walking and the differences of the training methods to provide information necessary for effective treatment of stroke patients.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a handrail (presence and position) on treadmill gait and balance in stroke patients during gait training. Methods: 39 patients with stroke (male 31, female 8) participated in this study. The training groups were classified into a no-handrail group (NHG), front handrail group (FHG), and bilateral handrail group (BHG). Each group comprised 13 subjects. The subjects were trained to walk in a straight path 30 minutes per day for 8 weeks. The Good Balance System was used to measure static balance and dynamic balance. To measure walking ability, timed up and go (TUG) was also assessed. Results: The NHG showed no significant differences in static balance, dynamic balance, and TUG. The FHG was significantly different in their medial-lateral speed of static balance, dynamic balance, and TUG. The BHG was significantly different in their static balance, dynamic balance, and TUG. Conclusion: These findings consider the effects of holding handrails concomitantly with changes in postural stability. We conclude that for training stroke patients, treadmill walking while holding handrails improves balance and gait more than treadmill walking without holding handrails. The resulting changes in muscle activity patterns may facilitate the transfer to a gait pattern. The results of this study suggest methods for training treadmill walking in stroke patients.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.985-991
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the biological effect of obesity-induced oxidative damage on neurogenesis and early protein expression. Obesity was induced I thirty 4-week old male Sprague-Dawley rats through a high fat diet for 15 weeks. After one week of environmental adaptation, the rats were divided into 2 groups: high fat diet sedentary group (HDS, n=15) and high fat diet training group (HDT, n=15). Exercise training was performed 5 times a week for 8 weeks, with mild-intensity treadmill running for weeks 1-4 and moderate-intensity treadmill running for weeks 5-8. After the 8 week training period, we analyzed lipid profiles, serum 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG), liver tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) related to oxidative damage factors, nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), c-fos, c-jun, and extracellular signal regulated kinase (Erk) in the hippocampus. The results of this study are as follows. There were differences between HDS and HDT in triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) (p<0.05). In high density lipoprotein (HDL-c), the HDT was higher than HDS after treadmill training (p<0.05). In 8-OHdG, the HDT was lower than HDS after treadmill training (p<0.05). Genetic expressions of c-jun, BDNF and MDA in the HDT were higher than in the HDS after treadmill training in hippocampus (p<0.05). Therefore, we conclude that 8 weeks of treadmill training can improve imbalanced lipid profiles, reduce oxidative damage, and activate neurogenesis in obese rats.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.87-96
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the convergence effectiveness of treadmill training in patients with chronic stroke through a meta-analysis. After searching the literature based on the patients, intervention, comparison, outcome criteria, and study desigan, a total of 22 studies related to "stroke" and "treadmill" were eligible for inclusion. Effect size was calculated using the comprehensive meta-analysis program for the meta-analysis. Based on the forest plot results, the overall effect size of treadmill training was 0.661 (95% confidence interval: 0.456-0.865), which was statistically significant with a medium effect size (p < 0.05). The effects of treadmill training on patients with stroke were separated by dependent variables of interest-plantar pressure (1.147), lower limb muscle function (0.875), and balance (0.664). The effect sizes were evaluated for the subdomains of timed up and go test (0.553), Berg Balance Scale (0.760), and static balance index (0.654) for balance. Therefore, treadmill training can be expected to have a positive impact on improving the quality of life of patients with chronic stroke. This meta-analysis of treadmill training may the lead to an industry paradigm shift toward healthcare convergence of information, communication, and medical technology.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.384-397
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Treadmill Training on WISCI level, walking velocity, walking endurance, motor score and gait cycle of spinal cord injury patient with incomplete. Four subjects with spinal cord injury participated in this study. They took walking excercise 5 times per week for 8 weeks. One time excercise spent 30minutes. The theraputic effect was evaluated by WISCI level, walk 10 meters test, walk for 12 minutes test, motor score and gait cycle. Four subjects were examined before, after 8 week, walking training. Collected data were statistically analyzed by SPSS PC for Wilcoxon signed rank test. The results of this study are as follows; 1) In WISCI level, walking velocity, walking endurance and motor score, post - treatment score were higher compared to pre-treatment score with statistical significance(p<0.05). 2) In Rt SLS, DLSII and Lt SLS, post-treatment percentage were higher compared to pre-treatment percentage with statistical significance(p<0.05). but DLSI were not statistical significance(p>0.05). The findings suggest that spinal cord injury patients with incomplete can improve their WISCI level, walking velocity, walking endurance, motor score and gait cycle through Treadmill gait training.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of bone metabolic parameters between climbing exercise training and treadmill running training with alpha lipoic acid supplementation in ovariectomized rats. Fifty-six Sparague-Dawley, 8 weeks of age, were assigned into nine groups: normal control at pre-test (Pre-NC), normal control at post-test (NC), sham-sedentary (SS), ovariectomized-control (OVX-Con), ovariectomized-ALA inject (OVX-ALA), ovariectomized-climbing exercise (OVX-CE), ovariectomized-ALA inject+climbing exercise (OVX-ACE), ovariectomized-treadmill exercise (OVX-TE) and ovariectomized-ALA inject+treadmill exercise (OVX-ATE). The climbing exercise group voluntarily climbed the 200 cm tower to drinking water from the bottle set at the top of it. The treadmill exercise group was performed the 60 min treadmill running with grade 6-8%, and velocity 10-15 m/min. The frequency of exercise training was performed 6 days per wk in both training intervention. For the comparison of bone metabolic responses following to different training intervention, the strength, length and weight of femur, total bone density, bone mineral contents, deoxypyridioline, osteocalcin and parathyroid hormone, estradiol and lutenizing hormone were measured in this study. The body weight was higher in the OVX-Con, OVX-ALA and OVX-TE groups as compared to NC group. The total bone mineral density of OVX-ACE showed a higher value than SS, OVX-Con, OVX-ATE and OVX-TE. But urine and blood metabolic parameters showed no significance among groups. In conclusion, this study results suggested that climbing exercise training and alpha lipoic acid supplementation may an effective intervention for prevention of osteoporosis in ovriectomized rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.133-144
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• 2023

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the effects of task-oriented treadmill training on the gait and balance ability and functional activity in 20 patients with subacute stroke. METHODS: The study subjects were twenty stroke patients, ten randomly placed in the experimental group and ten in the control group. Both the experimental and control groups received 30 minutes of traditional physical therapy and an additional 15 minutes of functional electrical stimulation therapy. The experimental group was given task-oriented treadmill training, while the control group received general treadmill training. Each session lasted for 25 minutes, three times a week, over four weeks, totaling 12 sessions. RESULTS: Both groups showed statistically significant differences in the 10-metre walk test (10MWT), timed up and go test (TUG), Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), and Modified Barthel index (MBI). However, statistically significant differences in the Functional Ambulation Categories (FAC) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) were seen only in the experimental group. There were statistically significant differences in the between-group differences value comparisons in the 10MWT, BBS, TUG, FMA, and MBI. CONCLUSION: Task-oriented treadmill training positively impacts gait, balance, and daily function in subacute stroke patients. This study highlights the benefits of training on unstable surfaces and offers valuable insights for stroke rehabilitation and gait training.