• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.218-224
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• 2003

목 적：조사면 크기 및 차폐선반(tray)의 두께 등의 변화에 따른 차폐선반투과율(tray transmission factor) 변화를 측정함으로써 현재 임상적으로 쓰이고 있는 각 기계의 X-선 에너지마다의 단일한 차폐 선반투과율 값의 타당성에 관해 고찰해 보고자 한다. 또한 임상적으로 쓰이는 조사면 크기들의 분포를 분석하여 흔히 차폐선반투과율 결정시 표준조사면 크기로 사용되는 10${\times}$10 $\textrm{cm}^2$이 타당한지도 살펴보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법：조사면 크기의 변화와 차폐선반두께의 변화에 따른 차폐선반투과율의 변화를 측정해 보기 위해서 각 에너지(6 MV, 10 MV) 별로 0, 6, 8, 10, 12 mm 두께의 아크릴 차폐선반을 사용해서 방사선량을 측정하였는데 각 차폐선반두께 마다 방사선 조사면 크기는 5${\times}$5, 10${\times}$10, 15${\times}$15, 20${\times}$20, 25${\times}$25, 30${\times}$30, 35${\times}$35 $\textrm{cm}^2$ 등 7단계로 변화시키면서 측정해서 각 경우의 차폐선반투과율을 결정하였다. 팬톰 내의 측정깊이는 10 cm로 하였다. 또한 차폐선반투과율의 대표값 측정에 많이 쓰이는 표준조사면 크기 10${\times}$10 $\textrm{cm}^2$이 타당한지 확인해 보기 위해 2002년에 본원에서 치료받은 환자들의 조사면 크기 분포를 분석하였다. 결 과：6 MV에서 기준 조사면 크기인 10${\times}$10 $\textrm{cm}^2$와 최대조사면인 35${\times}$35 $\textrm{cm}^2$ 사이의 차폐선반투과율 증가를 살펴보면 6 mm 두께 차폐선반에서 0.517%, 8 mm 에서 0.836%, 10 mm에서 1.058%, 12 mm에서 1.066%였다. 10 MV에서 조사면 크기 10${\times}$10 $\textrm{cm}^2$와 35${\times}$35 $\textrm{cm}^2$ 사이의 차폐선반투과율 증가를 살펴보면 6 mm에서 0.615%, 8 mm에서 0.724%, 10 mm에서 0.730%, 12 mm에서는 1.158%였다. 각 경우에서 조사면 크기 20${\times}$20 $\textrm{cm}^2$ 이하에서는 차폐선반투과율이 표준 조사면(10${\times}$10 $\textrm{cm}^2$)에서의 값과 큰 차이가 없었으나 20${\times}$20 $\textrm{cm}^2$ 이상에서는 0.5% 이상, 30${\times}$30 $\textrm{cm}^2$ 이상에서는 1.0% 이상의 오차가 날 수 있었다. 한편 임상적으로 쓰이는 유효조사면 크기 중 79.2%가 10${\times}$10 $\textrm{cm}^2$과 20${\times}$20 $\textrm{cm}^2$ 사이에 분포하였다. 결 론：6 MV, 10 MV X선 각각에서 차폐선반투과율은 조사면 크기가 커질수록, 차폐선반두께가 작아질수록 각각 증가하였으며 차폐선반두께가 큰 경우가 작은 경우보다 조사면 크기에 따른 차폐선반투과율의 차이가 더 컸다. 또한, 임상에서 널리 쓰이고 있는 기준 조사면 크기에서의 단일한 차폐선반투과율은 조사면 크기 20${\times}$20 $\textrm{cm}^2$ 이내의 범위에서는 큰 오차가 없지만 30${\times}$30 $\textrm{cm}^2$ 이상 크기의 조사면에서는 1.0% 이상 오차가 날 수 있다. 따라서 각 병원별 큰 조사면에서의 차폐선반투과율의 측정치를 확보해서 필요시에 사용해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.30-36
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• 2005

The static implicit finite element method is applied effectively to analyze total tray panel stamping processes, which include the forming stage. Complicated and abnormal large size tray panel was analyzed by using commercial program called AutoForm. Analysis results examining possibility and validity of the AutoForm software and the factor study are presented. Further, the simulated results for the total tray panel stamping processes are shown and discussed. Its application is being increased especially in the automotive industrial area for the cost reduction, weight saving, and improvement of strength.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2000년도 추계학술대회논문집A
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• pp.607-611
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• 2000

Acoustic modal property of the vehicle passenger compartment is a very important factor which dominates vehicle interior noise in the low frequency range. In most real cars, trunk noise often transfers into the passenger compartment since the two cavities are acoustically coupled. This study identifies the major coupling path by examining the variation of the coupled acoustic modal frequencies and modes. An 1/2 size acryl compartment model is designed and manufactured for the measurement and analysis of coupled acoustic modes. Experimental result shows that package tray contributes to the coupling much more than the back seat and hole size of the package tray is an important design factor to control low frequency acoustic modes in the coupled system.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.15-29
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• 2005

Statement of problem. The adjustable dental impression trays were made for being adjusted their width automatically along the width of dental arch. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the best retentive form of adjustable dental impression tray, and so to make it a more satisfactory product. Material and methods. The eight pairs of adjustable trays were made of ABS(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) with different distribution of holes and with or without the rim on the border area of them. The experiment was done with the horse-shoe shaped metal plate to pull out the set impression body from the tray, and the tray jig which was made for holding the tray on a lower part of Universal Testing Machine(UTM, Zwick Z020, Zwick Co., Germany). After the impression in the tray was allowed to set four minutes, a tensile force was applied at right angles to the tray which had been previously seated on the jig. The force was applied to measure a maximum retentive force by use of a UTM at a constant strain rate of 100mm per minute. A 2-factor analysis of variance (p<.05) was used to determine whether differences existed among distribution of retentive holes and between rim existing and not. Results. 1 The retentive force of the upper and lower resin tray with 2mm holes on the tray border was highest(25.83/24.98kg). (p<.05) 2. As the tray had more retentive holes, it was less retentive. 3. There was no significant difference in the retentive force of the varied hole intervals in the case of distributing all the area. (p>.05) 4. The rimless trays were more retentive generally, than the rimmed trays except 2 case: upper tray group-all area / 2 mm, intervals and lower tray group-margin only / 2 mm, intervals.(p<.05) 5. Most of the adjustable trays were showed higher retentive force than perforated metal tray except the lower group that perforated on the all area at intervals of 2 mm.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.843-852
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• 2020

Among the many packaging materials used in cushion packaging, there is a lack of optimum design for packaging trays and cushion pads used in pear packaging for export and domestic distribution. It causes over-packaging due to excessive material input, and can be solved by applying various parameters needed to optimize the design of the packaging tray and cushion pad considering the packaging material and the number of pears in the box. In the case of a cushion pad for pears, the economic efficiency of material and thickness should be considered. Therefore, it is possible to design a packaging tray and cushion pad depending on eco-friendly packaging materials (PLA, PET) used by applying appropriate design parameters. The static characteristics of the materials used for the packaging of pears were analyzed using FEA (finite element analysis) simulation technique to derive the optimal design parameters. In this study, we analyzed the contact stress and deformation of PET, PLA tray (0.1, 0.5 1.0, 1.5 and 2 mm) and PET foam (2.0, 3 .0 and 4.0 mm) with pears to derive appropriate cushion packaging design factors. The contact stress between the pear and PET foam pad placed on PLA, PET trays were simulated by FEA considering the bioyield strength (192.54±28 kPa) of the pears and safety factor (5) of packaging design, which is the criterion of damage to the pears. For the combination of PET tray and PET foam buffer pad, the thickness of the PET foam is at least 3 mm, the thickness of the PET foam is at least 1.0 mm, the thickness of the foam is at least 2 mm, and if the thickness of the PET tray is at least 1.5 mm, the thickness of the foam is at least 1 mm, suitable for the packaging design. In addition, for the combination of PLA tray and PET foam pad, the thickness of the PET foam was not less than 2 mm if the thickness of the PLA tray was 0.5 mm, and 1 mm or more if the thickness of the PLA tray was not less than 1.0 mm, the thickness of the PET foam was suitable for the packaging design.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.290-301
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• 2023

PURPOSE. The study aimed to determine the influence of implant angulation on the trueness of multi-unit implant impressions taken through different techniques and strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS. As reference models, three partially edentulous mandibular models (Model 1: No angulation; Model 2: No angulation for #33, 15-degree distal angulation for #35 and #37; Model 3: No angulation for #33, 25-degree distal angulation for #35 and #37) were created by modifying the angulations of implant analogues. Using a lab scanner, these reference models were scanned. The obtained data were preserved and utilized as virtual references. Three intraoral scanning (IOS) strategies: IOS-Omnicam, ISO-Quadrant, and IOS-Consecutive, as well as two traaditional techniques: splinted open tray (OT) and closed tray (CT), were used to create impressions from each reference model. The best-fit alignment approach was used to sequentially superimpose the reference and test scan data. Computations and statistical analysis of angular (AD), linear (LD), and 3D deviations (RMS) were performed. RESULTS. Model type, impression technique, as well as interaction factor, all demonstrated a significant influence on AD and LD values for all implant locations (P < .05). The Model 1 and SOT techniques displayed the lowest mean AD and LD values across all implant locations. When considering interaction factors, CT-Model 3 and SOT-Model 1 exhibited the highest and lowest mean AD and LD values, respectively. Model type, impression technique, and interaction factor all revealed significant effects on RMS values (P ≤ .001). CT-Model 3 and SOT-Model 1 presented the highest and lowest mean RMS values, respectively. CONCLUSION. Splinted-OT and IOS-Omnicam are recommended for multi-unit implant impressions to enhance trueness, potentially benefiting subsequent manufacturing stages.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2005

During handling unitized products, they are subjected to a variety environmental hazards. Shock and vibration hazards are generally considered the most damaging of the environmental hazards on a product, and it may encounter while passing through the distribution environment. A major cause of shock damage to products is drops during manual handling. The increasing use of unitization on pallets has been resulted in a reduction in the manual handling of products and with it a reduction in the shock hazards. This has caused and increasing interest in research focused on vibration caused damage. the use of pallets as a base for unitizing loads, aids in the mechanical handling, transportation and storage of products. Besides aiding in the handling, transportation and storage of products, a pallet also acts on and interface between the packaged goods and the distribution environment. The determination of the impact deformation of the cushioning materials such as tray cup (polymeric foam) and corrugated fiberboard pad must be carried out to design the proper packaging system providing adequate protection for the fruit, and to understand the complex interaction between the components of fruit when they relate to expected transportation vibration inputs. In this study, the theoretical analysis of impact deformation for cushioning materials by dynamic vibration. The impact deformations of SW and DW corrugated fiberboard pad in acceleration amplitudes of 0.25 G-rms and 0.5 G-rms that were usually generated in transport vehicles during distribution environments were very small compare with the thickness of corrugated fiberboard pad. The maximum of vibration acceleration level of tray cup by vibration impact was about 3.2 G-rms. The theoretical allowable acceleration (G-factor) of the pear was 0.7102 G-rms, and the maximum dynamic deformation estimated within G-factor was about 1 mm.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2002

Mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi(Kalt.) plays a key role in determining the productivity of rapeseed-mustard. This pest alone attributes 30-70% losses in yield potential in different agro climatic zones with a mean loss of 54.2% in India. Considering the extent of damage caused by the pest, the present experiment was conducted at Pulses and Oilseeds Research Station during 1992-93 to 1994-95 to study the migratory nature of mustard aphid by trapping them in yellow colour pan tray and their simultaneous growth and development on three different genotypes. The temperature during noon hours is the predominant factor to govern the appearance of alate mustard aphid in rapeseed-mustard field. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that temperature and relative humidity played an important role for its development. The variety RW white flower glossy stem harboured minimum number of aphid in comparison to other two varieties B 9 and T6342. The population reached a peak of 61.28 aphids/10 cm central twig during $6^{th}$ standard week irrespective of varieties.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.28-32
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• 1999

Verifying the treatment value(Monitor Unit) unnecessarily involves too many simple and repetitive calculation processes, that is, individual computation process using the data(PDD value, Scp Factor, SSD Factor, Tray Factor) on the data book. We intend to minimize the time required to check the Monitor Unit through computerized calculation. Using $^{\ast}(multiplication)$, /(division), +(sum), if function, among others, which are present in the Excell program, MS office program, the Monitor Unit was obtainable through A/P value, Scp Factor and PDD value, Wedge Factor. From the verification of the computations of Monitor Unit for 60 patients previously treated, we were able to obtain an error rate of ${\pm}0.028MU$. Computerized calculation of the Monitor Unit could save the burden of Technologist.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.449-454
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• 1993

종양치료를 위하여 고에너지 X-선 또는 감마선을 인체에 조사할 경우 피부 표면 선량이 최대지점 선량의 $30~60\%$에 불과 함으로 피부보호 효과(Skin sparing effect)를 얻을 수 있는 장점을 갖고있다. 그러나 종양특성과 발병위치에 따라 조사면을 크게 하거나 선속내에 차폐물질 또는 보상여과판을 설치하여 치료할 경우 피부보호 효과가 감소되거나 없어지는 경우가 있고 이것은 종양치료에 중요한 요인이 되고 있다. 연세 암전문병원에 설치된 코발트 60원격치료기와 선형가속기에서 발생되는 4 MV및 10 MV x-선에 대한 피부선량을 측정하였으며 차폐물고정판(Tray) 구성 물질의 종류와 조사면의 크기 및 피부와 고정판간의 거 리에 따른 피부선량의 변화를 평가하였다. 방사선 조사면이 $15{\times}15\;cm^2$ 이상 넓고 피부와 collimator 간의 거리가 30 cm 이상일 때 피부 표면선량은 코발트 -60, 4, 10 MV에서 각각최대선량의 40, 30, $20\%$로 감소하였으며 조사면의 크기와 차폐 고정판의 물질에 따라 증감하였다. 차폐물을 고정시키는 고정판을 Lucite로 제작하고 고정판과 피부간의 거리를 약 15 cm 이상 간격을 주면 표면선량을 $50\%$로 줄일 수 있었고 주석, 구리, 납등을 부착시키면 전방산란 선량비율이 감소되어 피부선량은 $35\%$로 피부보호 효과를 얻을 수 있었다. 방사선의 전방산란비율은 에너지와 흡수물질의 원자번호에 관계되며 납과 주석 이 각각 코발트-60 감마선과 4~10 MV x-선의 전방산란비를 가장 크게 감소시켰다.