• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.101-105
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• 2024

Three dogs (7-year-old, neutered male Chihuahua; case 1, 1-year-old, spayed female mixed breed; case 2, 10-month-old, female Maltese; case 3) were referred to Jeju Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital for traumatic brain injury. All three patients exhibited abnormal neurological symptoms. The patients were diagnosed through medical history obtained from their caregivers and through computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Structural brain abnormalities were observed in two dogs through CT scans and in one dog through MRI. Decompression therapy with mannitol was administered to all three dogs. Case 1, which showed CT findings of pulmonary hemorrhage but no significant brain injury, and case 2, which had mild brain damage on CT imaging, showed improvement in neurological symptoms and gait abnormalities after decompression therapy. However, case 3, which showed suspected brain hemorrhage and brain edema on MRI, did not respond to decompression therapy and was euthanized one month later. Imaging evaluation through CT or MRI in dogs with traumatic brain injury can assist clinical veterinarians in assessing the prognosis of patients.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2006

Purpose : The purposes of this study were to test the effect of proprioceptive and vestibular sensory input on expression of BDNF after traumatic brain injury in the rat. Subject : The control group was sacrificed at 24 hours after traumatic brain injury. The experimental group I was housed in standard cage for 7 days. The experimental group II was housed in standard cage after intervention to proprioceptive and vestibular sensory(balance training) for 7 days. Method : Traumatic brain injury was induced by weight drop model and after operation they were housed in individual standard cages for 24 hours. After 7th day, rats were sacrificed and cryostat coronal sections were processed individual1y in goat polyclonal anti-BDNF antibody. The morphologic characteristics and the BDNF expression were investigated in injured hemisphere section and contralateral brain section from immunohistochemistry using light microscope. Result : The results of this experiment were as follows: 1. In control group, cell bodies in lateral nucleus of cerebellum, superior vestibular nucleus, purkinje cell layer of cerebellum and pontine nucleus changed morphologically. 2. The expression of BDNF in contralateral hemisphere of group II were revealed. 3. On 7th day after operation, immunohistochemical response of BDNF in lateral nucleus, superior vestibular nucleus, purkinje cell layer and pontine nucleus appeared in group II. Conclusion : The present results revealed that intervention to proprioceptive and vestibular sensory input is enhance expression of BDNF and it is useful in neuronal reorganization improvement after traumatic brain injury.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.190-194
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• 2023

Purpose: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) refers to brain damage caused by external forces or trauma. TBIs can vary in severity and result from accidents, falls, sports injuries, assaults, or other forms of physical trauma. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is known have roles in various cognitive functions. We report on a patient with traumatic brain injury who showed prefrontal symptoms after injury of thalamocortical connections between mediodorsal nuclei (MD) of thalamus and PFC. Methods: A 54-year-old, male patient suffered a TBI as a result of a heavy object falling on his head. After onset of TBI, he showed typical symptoms of prefrontal lobe injury, including personality changes, memory impairment, and general cognition problem. The thalamocortical connections between MD and PFC (ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and obrbitofrontal cortex (OFC)) were reconstructed using diffusion tensor tractography. In terms of fractional anisotropy value, the right thalamocortical connections to the OFC were significantly lower than those of control subjects. Results: The value of mean diffusivity in the right thalamocortical connections to the DLPFC was significantly higher than that of control subjects. By contrast, both VLPFC and left OFC showed significant decrement in the tract volume of thalamocortical connections compared with that of control subjects. Conclusion: We reported on a patient who showed cognitive and neuropsychiatric impairment due to global injury of the thalamocoritcal connections between MD and PFC following TBI.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2008

Purpose: The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), though it is widely used for triage, has been criticized as being unnecessarily complex. Recently, a 3-point Simplified Motor Score (SMS, defined as obeys commands=2; localizes pain=1; withdrawals to pain or worse=0) was developed from the motor component of the GCS and was found to have a similar test performance for triage after traumatic brain injury when compared with the GCS as the criterion standard. The purpose of this study was to validate the SMS. Methods: We analyzed the patients who visited Kyungpook National University Hospital emergency center after traumatic brain injury from 2006 January to 2006 June. The test performance of the GCS, its motor component, and SMS relative to three clinically relevant traumatic brain injury outcomes (abnormal brain CT scans, Abbreviated Injury Scale $(AIS){\geq}4$, and mortality) were evaluated with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs). Results: Of 504 patients included in the analysis, 25.6% had an abnormal brain CT scans, 13.1% had $AIS{\geq}4$, and 5.0% died. The AUCs for the GCS, its motor component, and SMS with respect to the abnormal CT scans were 0.776, 0.715, and 0.716, and respectively, those for $AIS{\geq}4$ and mortality, were 0.969, 0.973, and 0.968, and 0.931, 0.909, and 0.909, respectively. Conclusion: The 3-point SMS demonstrated similar test performance when compared with the 15-point GCS score and its motor component for triage after traumatic brain injury in our populations.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제65권3호
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• pp.354-360
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• 2022

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in children. Survivors of severe TBI are more susceptible to functional deficits, resulting in disability, poor quality of life, cognitive decline, and mental health problems. Despite this, little is known about the pathophysiology of TBI in children and how to manage it most effectively. Internationally, efforts are being made to expand knowledge of pathophysiology and develop practical clinical treatment recommendations to improve outcomes. Here we discuss recently updated evidence and management of severe pediatric TBI.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.21-31
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• 2008

Backgrounds: Singihwan is used "to strengthen inborn energy" and we suspected a protective effect on brain neuron cells. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Singihwan (SGH) on traumatic brain injury-induced delayed apoptosis in rat hippocampal dentate gyrus. Methods: For a surgical induction of traumatic brain injury (TBI), a 5 mm diameter stainless rod was used to make traumatic attack from the surface of the brain used by an impactor. The protective effect of the aqueous extract of SGH against TBI in the rat hippocampal dentate gyrus was investigated by using step-down avoidance task, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, Bax immunohistochemistry, and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry. Results: The aqueous extract of SGH suppressed the TBI-induced increase in apoptosis and cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Conclusions: It is possible that the aqueous extract of SGH has a neuroprotective effect on TBI-induced neuronal cell death.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2005

Objectives : This study is to investigate the effects of oriental medical treatment of traumatic brain injury. Methods : We treated the patient with Herb medicine, acupuncture, moxa, fumigation, rubdown and negative and occupational therapy. And we evaluated the case with Modified Bathel Index, Activity Index, Jebsen Test. Results : There is improvement in his symptom (manual muscle power, finger apraxia, memory loss, dysarthria, urinary frequency), after oriental medical treatment. Conclusions : We report the good result of oriental medical treatment on this case. The more clinical study of oriental medical treatment for traumatic brain injury is needed.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.270-278
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to analyze the results of surgical treatment of patients with brain and torso injury for 5 years in a single regional trauma center. Methods: We analyzed multiple trauma patients who underwent brain surgery and torso surgery for chest or abdominal injury simultaneously or sequentially among all 14,175 trauma patients who visited Dankook University Hospital Regional Trauma Center from January 2015 to December 2019. Results: A total of 25 patients underwent brain surgery and chest or abdominal surgery, with an average age of 55.4 years, 17 men and eight women. As a result of surgical treatment, there were 14 patients who underwent the surgery on the same day (resuscitative surgery), of which five patients underwent surgery simultaneously, four patients underwent brain surgery first, and one patient underwent chest surgery first, four patients underwent abdominal surgery first. Among the 25 treated patients, the 10 patients died, which the cause of death was five severe brain injuries and four hemorrhagic shocks. Conclusions: In multiple damaged patients require both torso surgery and head surgery, poor prognosis was associated with low initial Glasgow Coma Scale and high Injury Severity Score. On the other hand, patients had good prognosis when blood pressure was maintained and operation for traumatic brain injury was performed first. At the same time, patients who had operation on head and torso simultaneously had extremely low survival rates. This may be associated with secondary brain injury due to low perfusion pressure or continuous hypotension and the traumatic coagulopathy caused by massive bleeding.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.804-813
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Korean medicine in a patient with cognitive impairment, emotional disturbance, and sleep disturbance due to a diffuse axonal injury associated with a traumatic brain injury. The patient was treated with herbal medicine and acupuncture. The treatment effects were evaluated using the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K) and the Global Detraction Scale (GDS), and by observing clinical symptoms. Improvements in the total scores of MMSE-K and GDS were observed after the Korean medicine treatments; the MMSE-K score increased from 13 to 23 and the GDS score decreased from 5 to 4. The emotional and sleep disturbances were also reduced. These case report findings suggest that Korean medicine may be effective for treating symptoms of diffuse axonal injury in patients with traumatic brain injury.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2007

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to test the effect of balance training for proprioceptive and vestibular sensory stimulation and therapeutic environment on expression of BDNF after traumatic brain injury in the rat. Subject : Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into group I and group II. After traumatic brain injury, group I was housed in standard cage for 7 days. Group II was housed in therapeutic cage after balance training for 7 days. Method : Traumatic brain injury was induced by weight drop model and after operation they were housed in individual standard cages for 24 hours. After 7th day, the rats were sacrificed and cryostat coronal sections were processed individually in goat polyclonal anti-BDNF antibody. The morphologic characteristics and the BDNF expression were investigated in injured hemisphere section from immunohistochemistry using light microscope. Result : Immunohistochemical response of BDNF in lateral nucleus, purkinje cell layer, superior vestibular nucleus and pontine nucleus appeared very higher in group II than in group I Conclusion : The present result revealed that simultaneously application of balance training for proprioceptive and vestibular sensory stimulation input and therapeutic environment in traumatic brain injured rats is enhance expression of BDNF and it is facilitates neural plasticity.