• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.60-67
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• 2011

Ultrasonography (US) is a recent technique that has proven to be useful for assessing muscle thickness and guiding the rehabilitation decision-making of clinicians and researchers. The purpose of this study was to determine the inter-rater reliability of the US measurement of transversus abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO) thicknesses for different probe locations and measurement techniques. Twenty healthy volunteers were recruited in this study. Muscle thicknesses of the transversus TrA, IO, and EO were measured three times in the hook-lying position. The three different probe locations were as follows: 1) Probe location 1 (PL1) was below the rib cage in direct vertical alignment with the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). 2) Probe location 2 (PL2) was halfway between the ASIS and the ribcage along the mid-axillary line. 3) Probe location 3 (PL3) was halfway between the iliac crest and the inferior angle of the rib cage, with adjustment to ensure the medial edge of the TrA. The two different techniques of thickness measurement from the captured images were as follows: 1) Muscle thickness was measured in the middle of the muscle belly, which was centered within the captured image (technique A; TA). 2) Muscle thickness was measured along a horizontal reference line located 2 cm apart from the medial edge of the TrA in the captured image (technique B; TB). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC [3,k]) was used to calculate the inter-rater reliability of the thickness measurement of TrA, IO and EO using the values from both the first and second examiner. In all three muscles, moderate to excellent reliability was found for all conditions (probe locations and measurement techniques) (ICC=.70~.97). In the PL1-TA condition, inter-rater reliability in the three muscle thicknesses was good to excellent (ICC=.85~.96). The reliability of all measurement conditions was excellent in IO (ICC=.95~.97). Therefore, the findings of this study suggest that TA can be applied to PL1 by clinicians and researchers in order to measure the thickness of abdominal muscles.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.63-71
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• 2012

Purpose : This study aimed to acquire a basic knowledge about lumbar stability and inquire into exercise approach of pressure biofeedback unit for lumbar stability. Methods : This study was composed with reviewed theory of lumbar stability and several books and articles for exercise using pressure biofeedback unit. Results : The stability of lumbar should work symmetrical with passive, active, control subsystem in neutral zone, and local muscles should be using for stability. Especially, selective using of transverse abdominis work for lumbar stability importantly. The control of using pressure biofeedback unit may important not only examination but treatment. Conclusion : The stability of lumbar need co-contraction of specific local muscle and training for timing as well as using pressure biofeedback unit for accurate control may use for examination and therapedic approach.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.82-87
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of plank exercises with resistance of one-sided hip adduction on abdominal muscle thickness. Methods: Thirty subjects were divided into a group that underwent plank exercises with one-sided hip adduction resistance (n=15) and a group that underwent plank exercises only (n=15). Their changes in abdominal muscle thickness before the experiment (n=15) and three and six weeks after the experiment were analyzed using a two-way repeated analysis of variance at a statistical significance level of ${\alpha}=0.05$. When there was any interaction between the time of measurement and each group, post hoc t-tests were conducted at a statistical significance level of ${\alpha}=0.01$. Results: The results of the experiment showed statistically significant differences in the thickness of the rectus abdominis, internal oblique muscle, and transversus abdominis, depending on the time of measurement and the interaction between the time of measurement and each group (p<0.05). Statistically significant differences were observed in the thickness of the external oblique, depending on the time of measurement, the interaction between the time of measurement and each group, and variances between the groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that plank exercises with resistance of one-sided adduction are effective for increasing abdominal muscle thickness. The study's overall findings will likely be used as basic data for lumbar stabilization exercises and rehabilitation treatment.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.243-253
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of an abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) with a light load while sitting on transverse abdominis contraction in subjects with and without low back pain. Methods: In this study, 20 participants with chronic low back pain and 20 controls participated. Ultrasonography was used to assess the thickness of the external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), and transversus abdominis (TrA) muscles. Muscle thickness was measured at rest and during ADIM in three different sitting postures: (1) just sitting, (2) sitting loaded position (holding a 1 or 2 kg dumbbell in each hand), and (3) sitting loaded shoulder flexion position (holding a 1 or 2 kg dumbbell in each hand). Results: The contraction ratio (CR) and preferential activation ratio (PAR) of the TrA during ADIM had no significant interactional effect between the group and the sitting postures. However, the CR and PRA of the TrA during the ADIM showed significant differences among the three different sitting postures. The CR of the TrA during the ADIM in the sitting loaded shoulder flexion position was significantly increased compared to that in the sitting position (p<0.05). Moreover, the PRA of the TrA muscle during ADIM in sitting loaded and sitting loaded shoulder flexion positions was significantly higher than that in the sitting position (p<0.05). Conclusion: The findings suggest that ADIM in the sitting-loaded shoulder flexion position should be implemented to facilitate TrA activity.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.7-20
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• 1998

Activity of the trunk muscles is essential for maintaining stability of the lumbar spine because of the unstable structure of that portion of the spine. The central nervous system deals with stabilization of the spine by contraction of the abdominal and multifidus muscles in anticipations of reactive forces produced by limb movement. Recent evidence indicates that the lumbar multifidus muscle and transversus abdominis muscle may be involved in controlling spinal stability. Stabilization training in neutral spine is an integrated approach of education in proper posture and body mechanics along with exercise to improve strength, flexibility, muscular and cardiovascular endurance, and coordination of movement.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2010

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of visual feedback during abdominal hollowing (AH) in four point kneeling position, using real-time ultrasound imaging through measurement of the changes in the thickness of transversus abdominis (TrA), internal abdominal oblique (IO), and external abdominal oblique (EO). Methods: The subjects of this study were 32 healthy males who were divided intothe experimental group of 16 subjects and the control group of 16 subjects. The real-time ultrasound feedback was applied to the experimental group while they were educated on the AH exercise in four point kneeling whereas only general education and training were given to the control group. After the training, the changes in the thickness of abdominal muscles during AH in four point kneeling were compared between the experimental group and the control group. Results: The differences of the changes in the thickness of TrA and EO between the two groups were statistically significant. Conclusion: The experimental group experienced a higher increase in the thickness of TrA than the control group while the thickness of IO and EO of the experimental.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.235-243
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• 2011

본 연구의 목적은 체간근 즉 외(측)복사근(EO), 복횡근(TrA) 및 요부 다열근의 크기를 체간근 지구력 검사 동안 측정하여 요통 경험 유무에 따라 측정 근육의 두께와 근수축의 패턴을 관찰하여 통증유무와 근수축 패턴의 연관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 19세에서 29세사이의 50명의 피험자를 대상으로 측정하였다. 연구 참여자는 요통으로 인하여 일상생활이나 직장생활을 하는 데 제약이 없으며 현재 척추 증상이 없는 자를 대상으로 하였다. 자료분석은 요통 경험 유무에 따라 그룹화하여 실시하였다. 근육의 크기는 드로인 검사, 굴곡근 지구력 검사, 사이드-브릿지 검사에서 실시하고, 측정은 휴식기, 수축기, 수축15초에 하였다. 피험자에 대한 일반적인 데이터는 모든 신체 검사 측정 후 수집하였다. 드로인 검사에서 근수축 시, 오른쪽외(측)복사근 두께가 Group 1에서는 감소하는 반면, Group 2에서는 증가하였으며, 양쪽 복횡근 두께는 그룹에 상관없이 증가함이 관찰되었다. 굴곡근 지구력 검사에서, Group 2에서만 복횡근 두께가 증가되었다. 또한 사이드-브릿지 검사에서는, 오른쪽 복횡근의 두께가 Group 1에서는 수축동안 계속 감소함이, Group 2에서는 수축 시 감소하다가 15초 수축 후에는 층가함이 관찰되었다. 따라서 본 연구 결과는 요통과 연관하여 특정 근육의 기능을 파악하여, 이에 맞춰 구체적인 훈련하는 것이 중요함을 제시할 수 있다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.934-939
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• 2014

본 논문은 네발기기 자세에서 사지의 각도 변화에 따른 몸통 근육들의 두께를 알아보고 근육활성의 차이를 비교하여 네발기기에서 행하는 척추 안정화를 위한 효과적인 자세를 선택하는데 필요한 자료를 제공하고자 한다. 연구대상은 건강한 대학생 29명으로 하였다. 실험을 위해서 배가로근과 배속빗근, 배곧은근과 배바깥빗근을 측정하였다. 근육의 두께측정 및 디지털 영상분석을 위한 초음파 영상 수집은 초음파 영상장치(Mylav25gold, Esaote, Italy)를 사용하였다. 연구결과 왼쪽 배바깥빗근과 배속빗근, 배가로근 간 두께 변화와 오른쪽 배가로근의 두께 변화에 각도 간의 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 근육활성의 정도와 몸통 근육들을 활성화하기 위해 네발기기자세에서의 운동이 각도에 따라 다양한 결과를 보인다는 것을 나타낸다.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.35-44
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the simultaneous abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) on the muscle activity of the ipsilateral trunk and leg during proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) leg flexion, adduction, and external rotation with knee flexion (D1) patterns. Methods: The participants were 20 healthy adult males and females (18 males and 2 females). The maneuvers were performed by a physical therapist who fully understands the PNF leg patterns (D1) and their application in clinical practice. The participants were trained and allowed to practice for 15 minutes prior to applying ADIM, to ensure adequate learning as evidenced by the pressure biofeedback unit. In this study, we measured the muscle activity of the trunk and leg when the PNF leg pattern (D1) was performed by the physical therapist either sustaining or releasing the ADIM. Muscle activity was measured on the right transverse abdominis muscle (TRA), the external abdominal oblique muscle (EO), the internal abdominal oblique muscle (IO), the erector spinae muscle (ES), the vastus medialis oblique muscle (VMO), the vastus lateralis oblique muscle (VLO), and the tibialis anterior muscle (TA) and compared using the mean values from averaging three repeated measurements. Results: The muscle activity of the transversus abdominis, the external abdominal oblique, the internal abdominal oblique, the vastus medialis oblique, and the vastus lateralis oblique was significantly greater (p < 0.05), and the muscle activity of the erector spinae was significantly less (p < 0.05) during PNF leg pattern (D1) when the ADIM contraction was sustained compared to when it was not. Conclusion: These results suggest that sustaining ADIM during PNF leg pattern (D1) training increases the trunk and leg muscle activity, resulting in more effective training.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.303-310
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• 2011

Purpose : This study examined the feedback effect of real-time ultrasound imaging on the thickness of transversus abdominis(TrA), internal abdominal oblique(IO) and external abdominal oblique(EO) during abdominal hollowing exercise(AHE) in crook lying. Methods : We performed this study on 30 healthy men who voluntarily consented to participate in this study after listening to its purpose and method. All subject were divided into an experimental group(n=15) with using the real-time ultrasound imaging feedback(RUIF) and a control group(n=15) without the RUIF The thickness changes between rest and AHE were compared between the two groups in crook lying. Results : The difference in TrA and EO thickness changes between the groups were significant in crook lying (p<0.05). Conclusion : The group with using real-time ultrasound imaging feedback showed a higher increase in the thickness of TrA than the other group without real-time ultrasound imaging feedback. And the thickness of EO in the group with using real-time ultrasound imaging feedback decreased than the other group without real-time ultrasound imaging feedback. If the muscle thickness can be regarded as an indicator of muscle activity, RUIF will be helpful for inducing the independent activity of TrA by reducing the activities of abdominal muscles such as EO.