• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.390-396
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• 2009

To select optimal shade material in paddy soil, growth characteristics and ginsenoside contents were investigated in new cultivar, 'Cheonpoong' of three-year-old ginseng cultured under three kinds of shade materials such as three-layered blue and one-layered black PE (polyethylene) net (TBPN), blue PE sheet (BPSS), and aluminium-coated PE sheet (APSS). The order of light transmission ratio and air temperature by shade materials were BPSS > APSS > TBSB among three shade materials. Average soil water tension in PDC and IDC was 64 mbar (absolute soil moisture, 25%) and 123 mbar (absolute soil moisture, 17%), respectively, and soil water tension in IDC was changed more distinctly than that of PDC by season and shade materials. Yield in PDC was distinctly decreased more than that in IDC because of the increase of discolored-leaf and rusted-root ratio. BPSS and TBPN among three shade materials were the most effective on the increase of yield in PDC and IDC, respectively. Ratio of rusty-colored root showed not significant difference by drainage class and shade materials. Contents of panaxatriol ginsenoside (Rg1, Re and Rf) were decreased in PDC, while it of panaxadiol ginsenoside (Rb1, Rc and Rd) were increased in IDC. Total ginsenoside contents of IDC was distinctly higher than that of PDC, and BPSS showed the highest contents among three shade materials regardless of poorly and imperfectly drainage class.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.21-42
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• 1993

To understand the dietary culture in Poongki region which was established as Kamrokchon of a folk community, the transmission pattern of the traditional dietary life was investigated by questionnaire to 383 housewives, and the results are as follows : 1) Daily diet : Among 65 traditional main dishes of 6 areas including Kyungsangdo, D’cokguk of Kyungsangdo was consumed most frequently, 87%. General consumption rate based on origin of food was 33.3% of Kyungsangdo, 21.2% of Chungchongdo, 13.1% of Kangwondo, 11.9% of Hwanghaedo, 1.1% of Pyungando and Hamkyungdo, respectively. Among 243 traditional minor dishes, Doenjangjjigye and Kochuchang of Kyungsangdo were most consumed as rates of 91.6%, 89.3%, respectively. General consumption rate based on origin was in order of 38.4% of Kyungsangdo, 19.3% of Chungchongdo, 14.9% of Kwangwondo, 10.4% of Hamkyungdo, 8.7% of Hwanghaedo and 8.3% of Pyungando. 2) Special diet : Among 66 traditional D’ocks, Injeolmi of Hamkyungd was consumed most freguently, 58%. General consumption rate based on origin was in order of 26.3% of Hwanghaedo, 17.6% of Kyungsangdo, 16.1% of Kwangwondo, 16.0% of Hamkyungdo, 13.0% of Pyungando and 11.0% of Chungchongdo. Among 27 cookies, Kangjeong of Hamkyungdo was consumed most frequently 46.7%. General consumption rates based on origin was in order of 55.7% of Hamkyungdo, 22.7% of Kyungsangdo, 2.4% of Pyungando, 5.8% of Kwangwondo, 3.0% of Chungchongdo and 0.4% of Hwanghaedo. Among 19 refresh drinks, Kamju of Kyungsangdo was consumed most frequently, 76.0%. General consumption rate based on origin was in order of 74.3% of Kyungsangdo, 7.8% of Chungchongdo, 6.9% of Hamkyungdo, 5.9% of Hwanghaedo and 5.1% of Kwangwondo. 3) Ceremonial diet : Myyeogguk and Baeksulgi for the 100-Days ceremony and Hynbab and Baeksulgi for the First Birthday were used mainly. For birthday, noodle(59.5%) for lunch besides rice as main dish and Soojeoggwa(37.9%) were served and noodle(30.8%) was used for host. Thirty percent of the varieties used traditionally for Pyehak and 40-50% of the varieties for Jesa(Memorial day) are still prepared currently. 4) Seasonal diet : For Jeolsik(major seasonal diet), the usage rates are as follows : D’ockguk(87%) for Jeongwolchoharu, Ogokbab(77.6%) for Jeongwoldaeborum, Patjuk(72.6%) for Dongji, Samsaeknamul(54.1%) for Chusuk. Relatively high usage rates of Surichi-D’ock(40.5%) for Dano and Mandu(40.5%) for Suddalgumumnal are probably due to the immigrated people from this area and the geographical effect. The consumption rates of Sisik(minor seasonal diet) for Chunghwajeol, Samjinal, Youdooil, Chungyangjeol and Muoil are about 10% and the rates for Chopail and Chilsuk are followed. Gaejang and Nangmyon for Sambok used as a rate of 32%. 5) Others : Table pattern; Table for one person(4.7%), table for two(16.7%), table for several(64.2%), table with chair(14.4%) are used. Serving pattern; All-together style(69.7%), monopoly style(24.0%), personaldish style(6.3%) are used. Cooking ware; Among 95 varieties, Doma and Jangban are used most(62.7%) and Pulmae, Poonju and Budulgori are never used. Nine sorts besides Jeongoltle are used as a rate of less than 1%. About 25% of total subjects were the immigrants from other areas. Some of them were moved in due to Chunggamrok. In conclusion, the usage of the traditional food is thought to be maintained well despite of the rapid change to incustrialized society because the native Kyungsangdo foods are combined with foods from the neighboring Kwangwondo, Chungchongdo and northern area.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.237-245
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• 2010

A survey of transovarially transmitted diseases, including salmonellosis [(pullorum disease; PD)/(fowl typhoid; FT)], mycoplasmosis, avian infectious anemia (CIA), and fowl adenovirus infection was conducted in the breeder chickens from August to December in 2009. The numbers of flocks sampled out were: Grand Parents Stock (GPS), 45; Parents Stock (PS) 1,018, Baeksemi breeder (BSB) 54. The seroprevalence of salmonellosis (PD/FT) were 0% (GPS), 3.2% (PS), and 3% (BSB), respectively. A total of 983 chicken farms were affected with FT outbreaks between 2000 and 2008. The incidence of FT in commercial broilers, Baeksemi, commercial layers, native chickens, and broiler breeders was 44.3%, 26.2%, 15.7%, 12.6% and 1.08%, respectively. Of the affected broilers, over 90% birds were under 2 weeks of age, indicating it was possible that they were infected with S. gallinarum via vertical transmission. The sero-positive flocks against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) were 71.1% (GPS), 88.7% (PS), 88.7% (BSB), while the rates of positive flocks against Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) were 86.0% (GPS), 77.0% (PS), and 98.0% (BSB). In GP and parent farms, the detection rates on specific genes of CIA virus were 19/45 (42.2%), and 169/1039 (18.0%), respectively, whereas the seroprevalence of CIA were 86.0% in GPS and 93.7% in PS flocks. In addition, positive flocks of fowl adenoviruses were 4.4% (GPS), 2.7% (PS) and 9.35% (BSB), respectively. As the results, avian mycoplasmosis and CIA have been more prevailing in chicken breeder than avian salmonellosis and fowl adenovirus infection in Korea.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2006

Purpose : Shigellosis is still an important cause of acute food-borne diarrheal diseases throughout the world. We investigated the transmission routes and clinical course through the outbreak of shigellosis in Mapo-Gu, Seoul. Methods : From October 7th to November 19th in 2005, Mapo-Gu public health center had referred 32 patients with confirmed or suspected shigellosis to the National Medical Center. We had investigated source of infection, epidemiology, laboratory findings, and clinical course of the cases occurred during this outbreak. Results : Among 32 patients, 24 patients had been confirmed with shigellosis, 8 patients had been diagnosed with suspected shigellosis. They ranged in age from 5 months to 12 years old and their mean age was 6.5 years. The clinical manifestations were as follows; diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain and asymptomatic condition. Symptoms had sustained for 3.7 days on the average. S. sonnei were cultured by rectal swab and founded to be resistant to ampicillin and TMP/SMX except to 3rd generation cephalosporin. After treatment with antibiotics such as cefixime and ceftriaxone or imipenem and conservative treatment with electrolyte and fluid replacement for 5~7 days, Stool cultures of the rectal swab grew no Shigella in these cases except 3 cases. Conclusion : An outbreak of shigellosis had occurred in a preschool and elementary school children. From the same results of antimicrobial susceptibility and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns in this study, we suggest that the outbreak of shigellosis in this report had been originated from a single strain. According to all negative results about suspected food and water cultures, we couldn't find out source of infection. Through materials offerred by Mapo-Gu Public Health Center, we presumed the trasmission routes probably were person-to-person.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.2 s.26
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• pp.290-301
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• 1989

This is preliminary report on anthrax epidemic occurred in an island with about 100 residents. Since 1982 there had been sudden deaths among all kinds of domestic animals including cattle, dogs, ducks, chicken and goat but only a few among cats in an isolated island about three hours distance away by ferry boat from Mokpo city. From 1986 through 1988 nine human deaths and four patients occurred, which made the government intervene for investigation on June 25 1988. The epidemiological investigation consisted of interview survey and medical examination, medical record analysis, laboratory work to isolate the pathogens under the direction of hypothesis derived from the study and further confirmation of the pathogens by international institute. The summarized results are as followings: 1. According to the interview survey there were many deaths among domestic animals usually in cold and dry season such as January through March and September through November; 36 heads of cattle leaving one head, more than 40 hogs(all), hundreds of chicken leaving few alive, goats that had taken home from mountain and two or three cats out of around 40 had sudden deaths from 1982 till 1985, when the residents stopped to purchase and take them into the island anymore. Also there were eleven persons who had experienced the similar syndrome complex to those of admitted and expired patients and four of them revealed typical chest X-ray findings; from one of these four patients(Rho) B. anthracis is isolated. 2. Medical record on patients who had been admitted, showed common characteristics of the disease course. On admission they had either gastrointestinal or upper respiratory infection symptoms which invariably progressed to septicemic nature with pulmonary interstitial infiltration and mediastinal widening/bulging, and then to deadly acute respiratory distress syndrome. At the end stage chest X-ray revealed multiple bullous emphysema. One of another characteristics was oral ulceration with bleeding occurred in about 50% of the patients. Laboratory test results in common were leukocytosis with left shift and abnormal liver and kidney functions, particularly at the later stage of the illness. 3. Epidemiological characteristics was striking in that both mortality and incidence rates were high: the mortality rate was 8.7% average, male being three times higher than females but there was no distictive clustering by age group. The incidence rate for both sexes was 28.2% and there was no sex difference although a tendency of higher incidence among older ages was noticed. The highest mortality and incidence were observed in Won village where the first death of animal occurred and with the highest frequency among three villages of the island. 4. Among twelve bacilli species isolated from various specimens, two strains, one from patient and the other from soil where the recently died cow is hurried, were confirmed as B. anthracis by Pasteur Institute and CDC of USA(strain from soil). CDC reported that the strain did not produce capsule in bicarbonate media but reacted with the bacteriophage and one of five sera taken from the patients. Mode of transmission as well as incubation period of the agent has not been established yet, which needs further investigation in relation to the antigenic structure of the variant when it is confirmed.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.10
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• pp.183-218
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• 2006

Colors change in time corresponding with the value system and aesthetic consciousness of the time. The roles that colors play in painting can be divided into the formative role based on the contrast and harmony of color planes and the aesthetic role expressed by colors to represent the objects. The aesthetic consciousness of the orient starts with the Civility(禮) and Pleasure(樂), which is closely related with restrained or tempered human feelings. In the art world of the orient including poem, painting, and music, what are seen and felt from the objects are not represented in all. Added by the sentiment laid background, the beauty of the orient emphasizes the beauty of restraint and temperance, which has long been the essential aesthetic emotion of the orient. From the very inception of oriental painting, colors had become a symbolic system in which the five colors associated with the philosophy of Yin and Yang and Five Forces were symbolically connected with the four sacred animals of Red Peacock, Black Turtle, Blue Dragon, and White Tiger. In this color system the use of colors was not free from ideological matters, and was further constrained by the limited color production and distribution. Therefore, development in color expression seemed to have been very much limited because of the unavailability and unreadiness of various colors. Studies into the flow in oriental painting show that color expression in oriental painting have changed from symbolic color expression to poetic expression, and then to emotional color expression as the mode of painting changes in time. As oriental painting transformed from the art of religious or ceremonial purpose to one of appreciation, the mast visible change in color expression is the one of realism(simulation). Rooted on the naturalistic color expression of the orient where the fundamental properties of objects were considered mast critical, this realistic color expression depicts the genuine color properties that the objects posses, with many examples in the Flower & Bird Painting prior to the North Sung dynasty. This realistic expression of colors changed as poetic sentiments were fused with painting in later years of the North Sung dynasty, in which a conversion to light ink and light coloring in the use of ink and colors was witnessed, and subjective emotion was intervened and represented. This mode of color expression had established as free and creative coloring with vivid expression of individuality. The fusion of coloring and lyricism was borrowed from the trend in painting after the North Sung dynasty which was mentioned earlier, and from the trend in which painting was fused with poetic sentiments to express the emotion of artists, accompanied with such features as light coloring and compositional change. Here, the lyricism refers to the artist's subjective perspective of the world and expression of it in refined words with certain rhythm, the essence of which is the integration of the artist's ego and the world. The poetic ego projects the emotion and sentiment toward the external objects or assimilates them in order to express the emotion and sentiment of one's own ego in depth and most efficiently. This is closely related with the rationale behind the long-standing tradition of continuous representation of same objects in oriental painting from ancient times to contemporary days. According to the thoughts of the orient, nature was not just an object of expression, but recognized as a personified body, to which the artist projects his or her emotions. The result is the rebirth of meaning in painting, completely different from what the same objects previously represented. This process helps achieve the integration and unity between the objects and the ego. Therefore, this paper discussed the lyrical expression of colors in the works of the author, drawing upon the poetic expression method reflected in the traditional Flower and Bird Painting, one of the painting modes mainly depending on color expression. Based on the related discussion and analysis, it was possible to identify the deep thoughts and the distinctive expression methods of the orient and to address the significance to prioritize the issue of transmission and development of these precious traditions, which will constitute the main identity of the author's future work.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.37-68
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• 2018

Since the 20th century, automobiles, which are the most common means of transportation, have been evolving as the use of electronic control devices and automotive semiconductors increases dramatically. Automotive semiconductors are a key component in automotive electronic control devices and are used to provide stability, efficiency of fuel use, and stability of operation to consumers. For example, automotive semiconductors include engines control, technologies for managing electric motors, transmission control units, hybrid vehicle control, start/stop systems, electronic motor control, automotive radar and LIDAR, smart head lamps, head-up displays, lane keeping systems. As such, semiconductors are being applied to almost all electronic control devices that make up an automobile, and they are creating more effects than simply combining mechanical devices. Since automotive semiconductors have a high data rate basically, a microprocessor unit is being used instead of a micro control unit. For example, semiconductors based on ARM processors are being used in telematics, audio/video multi-medias and navigation. Automotive semiconductors require characteristics such as high reliability, durability and long-term supply, considering the period of use of the automobile for more than 10 years. The reliability of automotive semiconductors is directly linked to the safety of automobiles. The semiconductor industry uses JEDEC and AEC standards to evaluate the reliability of automotive semiconductors. In addition, the life expectancy of the product is estimated at the early stage of development and at the early stage of mass production by using the reliability test method and results that are presented as standard in the automobile industry. However, there are limitations in predicting the failure rate caused by various parameters such as customer's various conditions of use and usage time. To overcome these limitations, much research has been done in academia and industry. Among them, researches using data mining techniques have been carried out in many semiconductor fields, but application and research on automotive semiconductors have not yet been studied. In this regard, this study investigates the relationship between data generated during semiconductor assembly and package test process by using data mining technique, and uses data mining technique suitable for predicting potential failure rate using customer bad data.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.556-561
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• 2001

We prepared a new a SOS(silicon-on-silicide) wafer pair which is consisted of Si(100)/1000$\AA$-NiSi Si (100) layers. SOS can be employed in MEMS(micro- electronic-mechanical system) application due to low resistance of the NiSi layer. A thermally evaporated $1000\AA$-thick Ni/Si wafer and a clean Si wafer were pre-mated in the class 100 clean room, then annealed at $300~900^{\circ}C$ for 15hrs to induce silicidation reaction. SOS wafer pairs were investigated by a IR camera to measure bonded area and probed by a SEM(scanning electron microscope) and TEM(transmission electron microscope) to observe cross-sectional view of Si/NiSi. IR camera observation showed that the annealed SOS wafer pairs have over 52% bonded area in all temperature region except silicidation phase transition temperature. By probing cross-sectional view with SEM of magnification of 30,000, we found that $1000\AA$-thick uniform NiSi layer was formed at the center area of bonded wafers without void defects. However we observed debonded area at the edge area of wafers. Through TEM observation, we found that $10-20\AA$ thick amourphous layer formed between Si surface and NiSix near the counter part of SOS. This layer may be an oxide layer and lead to degradation of bonding. At the edge area of wafers, that amorphous layer was formed even to thickness of $1500\AA$ during annealing. Therefore, to increase bonding area of Si NiSi ∥ Si wafer pairs, we may lessen the amorphous layers.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1210-1230
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• 1997

In this paper, we suggest an architecture of DS/CDMA tranceiver composed of one pilot channel used as reference and multiple traffic channels. The pilot channel-an unmodulated PN code-is used as the reference signal for synchronization of PN code and data demondulation. The coherent demodulation architecture is also exploited for the reverse link as well as for the forward link. Here are the characteristics of the suggested DS/CDMA system. First, we suggest an interlaced quadrature spreading(IQS) method. In this method, the PN coe for I-phase 1st channel is used for Q-phase 2nd channels and the PN code for Q-phase 1st channel is used for I-phase 2nd channel, and so on-which is quite different from the eisting spreading schemes of DS/CDMA systems, such as IS-95 digital CDMA cellular or W-CDMA for PCS. By doing IQS spreading, we can drastically reduce the zero crossing rate of the RF signals. Second, we introduce an adaptive threshold setting for the synchronization of PN code, an initial acquistion method that uses a single PN code generator and reduces the acquistion time by a half compared the existing ones, and exploit the state machines to reduce the reacquistion time Third, various kinds of functions, such as automatic frequency control(AFC), automatic level control(ALC), bit-error-rate(BER) estimator, and spectral shaping for reducing the adjacent channel interference, are introduced to improve the system performance. Fourth, we designed and implemented the DS/CDMA MODEM to be used for variable transmission rate applications-from 16Kbps to 1.024Mbps. We developed and confirmed the DS/CDMA MODEM architecture through mathematical analysis and various kind of simulations. The ASIC design was done using VHDL coding and synthesis. To cope with several different kinds of applications, we developed transmitter and receiver ASICs separately. While a single transmitter or receiver ASC contains three channels (one for the pilot and the others for the traffic channels), by combining several transmitter ASICs, we can expand the number of channels up to 64. The ASICs are now under use for implementing a line-of-sight (LOS) radio equipment.

• Atmosphere
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.429-438
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• 2011

The climatology of surface UV radiation for Seoul, presented in Cho et al. (1998; 2001), has been updated using measurement of surface erythemal ultraviolet (EUV) and total ultraviolet (TUV) irradiance (wavelength 286.5~363.0 nm) by a Brewer Spectrophotometer (MK-IV) for the period 2004~2010. The analysis was also carried out together with the broadband total (global) solar irradiance (TR ; 305~2800 nm) and cloud amount to compare with the UV variations, measured by Seoul meteorological station of Korean Meteorological Agency located near the present study site. Under all-sky conditions, the day-to-day variability of EUV exhibits annual mean of 98% in increase and 31% in decrease. It has been also shown that the EUV variability is 17 times as high as the total ozone in positive change, whereas this is 6 times higher in negative change. Thus, the day to day variability is dominantly caused rather by the daily synoptic situations than by the ozone variability. Annual mean value of daily EUV and TUV shows $1.62kJm^{-2}$ and $0.63MJm^{-2}$ respectively, whereas mean value of TR is $12.4MJm^{-2}$ ($143.1Wm^{-2}$). The yearly maximum in noon-time UV Index (UVI) varies between 9 and 11 depending on time of year. The highest UVI shows 11 on 20 July, 2008 during the period 2004~2010, but for the period 1994~2000, the index of 12 was recorded on 13 July, 1994 (Cho et al., 2001). A 40% of daily maximum UVI belongs to "low (UVI < 2)", whereas the UVI less than 5% of the maximum show "very high (8 < UVI < 10)". On average, the maximum UVI exceeded 8 on 9 days per year. The values of Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet Service (TEMIS) EUV and UVI under cloud-free conditions are 1.8 times and 1.5 times, respectively, higher than the all-sky measurements by the Brewer. The trend analysis in fractional deviation of monthly UV from the reference value shows a decrease of -0.83% and -0.90% $decade^{-1}$ in the EUV and TUV, respectively, whereas the TR trend is near zero (+0.11% $decade^{-1}$). The trend is statistically significant except for TR trend (p = 0.279). It is possible that the recent UV decrease is mainly associated with increase in total ozone, but the trend in TR can be attributed to the other parameters such as clouds except the ozone. Certainly, the cloud effects suggest that the reason for the differences between UV and TR trends can be explained. In order to estimate cloud effects, the EUV, TUV and TR irradiances have been also evaluated for clear skies (cloud cover < 25%) and cloudy skies (cloud cover ${\geq}$ 75%). Annual mean values show that EUV, TUV and TR are $2.15kJm^{-2}$, $0.83MJm^{-2}$, and $17.9MJm^{-2}$ for clear skies, and $1.24kJm^{-2}$, $0.46MJm^{-2}$, and $7.2MJm^{-2}$ for cloudy skies, respectively. As results, the transmission of radiation through clouds under cloudy-sky conditions is observed to be 58%, 55% and 40% for EUV, TUV and TR, respectively. Consequently, it is clear that the cloud effects on EUV and TUV are 18% and 15%, respectively lower than the effects on TR under cloudy-sky conditions. Clouds under all-sky conditions (average of cloud cover is 5 tenths) reduced the EUV and TUV to about 25% of the clear-sky (cloud cover < 25%) values, whereas for TR, this was 31%. As a result, it is noted that the UV radiation is attenuated less than TR by clouds under all weather conditions.