• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 2009

Sorption of $Ni^{2+}$ in aqueous solution was studied using montmorillonite. The experimental and equilibrium data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model. From the kinetics data for nickel sorption onto montmorillonite, the diffusion of $Ni^{2+}$ inside the clay particles was the dorminant step controlling the sorption rate and as such more important for $Ni^{2+}$ sorption than the external mass transfer. $Ni^{2+}$ was sorbed due to strong interactions with the active sites of the sorbent and the sorption process tends to follow the pseudo second-order kinetics. Thermodynamic parameters (${\Delta}G^{\circ},\;{\Delta}H^{\circ},\;{\Delta}S^{\circ}$) indicated a non spontaneous and endothermic adsorption process while the positive low value of the entropy change suggests low randomness of the solid/solution interface during the uptake of $Ni^{2+}$ by montmorilionite. Heavy metals such as $Ni^{2+}$ in aqueous bodies can effectively be sorbed by montmorillonite.

• Journal of the Korean Graphic Arts Communication Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1995

Polymeric mesogens having a regularly alternating rigid-flexible repeating structure in the main-chain polymer exhibit distinct even-odd oscillation in their thermodynamic quantities with respect to the number of methylene units in the spacer. The even-odd oscillation depends on the number of methylene groups in the spacer the entropy change at the NI(nematic-isotropic) phase transition becomes less distinct when the linking group is replaced by the carbonate. In our previous work, we have suggested that the characteristics arise from the geometrical arrangement of the linkage. In this work, we have prepared a series of carbonate-type monomer and dimer liquid crystals. The thermodynamic behaviors at the NI phase transition have been compared with those previous reported for the ether- or ester-type liquid crystals. For the dimer series, the orientational order parameter of the mesogenic core was determined by using H-NMR technique. The origin of the difference observed among linking groups was found to the geometrical characteristics of chemical structure.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.464-471
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• 1999

This paper describes a design of the helium-recondensing system utilizing cascade Roebuck refrigerators. Superconducting generator or motor has the superconducting field winding in its rotor that should be continuously cooled by cryogen. Since liquid helium transfer from the stationary system to the rotor is problematic, cumbersome, and inefficient, the novel concept of a rotating helium-recondensing system is contrived. The vaporized cold helium inside the rotor is isothermally compressed by centrifugal force and expanded sequentially in cascade refrigerators until the helium is recondensed at 4.2K. There is no helium coupling between the rotor and the stationary liquid helium storage. Thermodynamic analysis of the cascade refrigeration system is performed to determine the key design parameters. The loss mechanisms are also explained to identify entropy generation that degrades the performance of the system.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.243-248
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• 1990

EMG (eleltromyographic) signals are generated by contracting muscle and detected in and out side of muscle in the form of random signals. In the measurement of muscle fatigue, the mean frequency of EMG signals using spectrum analysis is an important parameter in diagonosis of muscle disease and in sports medicine fields. In this study, the degree of spectral transfer to lower frequency caused by accumulation of Latic acid inside the muscle is estimated. The new spectral analysis method using 2"d order hAaximum Entropy Method was applied to estimate the mean frequency and we confirmed that this new method yields fast and reliable estimation.tion.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.111-116
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• 2014

The kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of sulfanilic acid by N-chloro-p-toluene sulfonamide (chloramine-T) have been studied in acid medium. The species of chloramine-T were analysed on the basis of experimental observations and predominantly reactive species was taken into account for proposition of most plausible reaction mechanism. The derived rate law (1) conforms to such a mechanism. $$-\frac{d[CAT]}{dt}=\frac{kK_1[RNHCl][SA]}{K_1+[H^+]}$$ (1) All kinetic parameters were evaluated. Activation parameters such as energy and entropy of activation were calculated to be $(61.67{\pm}0.47)kJmol^{-1}$ and $(-62.71{\pm}2.48)kJmol^{-1}$ respectively employing Eyring equation.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.108-118
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• 2000

This paper describes a design of the helium-recondensing system utilizing cascade Roebuck refrigerators. Superconducting generator or motor has the superconducting field wind-ing in its rotor that should be continuously cooled by cryogen. Since liquid helium transfer from the stationary system to the rotor is problematic, cumbersome, and inefficient, the novel concept of a rotating helium-recondensing system is contrived. The vaporized cold helium inside the rotor is isothermally compressed by centrifugal force and expanded sequentially in cascade refrigerators until the helium is recondensed at 4.2 K. There is no helium coupling between the rotor and the stationary liquid helium storage. Thermodynamic analysis of the cascade refrigeration system is performed to determine the key design parameters. The loss mechanisms are explained to identify entropy generation that degrades the performance of the system.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.176-182
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• 1988

The exergy analysis on the heat storage performance of the senible heat storage unit which consists of the heat storage material in the concentric annulus and the hot fluid flowing through the inner tube is performed. Heat transfer characteristics which are necessary for the performance of the exergy analysis is obtained from the energy balance equations and the second law of thermodynamics. As the index of heat storage performance, the exergy lossnumber $N_{s}$, and exergy storage ratio from the concepts of the second law of thermodynamics are defined. Results are ovtained for the grometry of the storage unit, the Biot number Bi, ambient temperature $T_{o}$ as parameters. From these results the exergy storage ratio can be considered as the efficiency of the hat storage unit and is introduced as a guide to design.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2010.06b
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• pp.69-72
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• 2010

교통량이 급속히 증대되어 감에 따라 도로 운영의 효율성을 높이기 위한 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 기존의 연구들은 각 도로에서 측정된 교통량을 바탕으로 최적의 경로를 찾고자 하였다. 하지만 각 도로들의 교통량은 서로 연관이 되어있으며 서로 영향을 미치고 있으므로, 이 영향에 대한 연구가 필수적이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 서울 도심 내 16개 지점에서 측정한 교통량 시계열 데이터를 바탕으로, 각 도로 간 서로 미치는 영향을 측정하였다. 각 도로 간 영향력은 Transfer entropy를 측정하여 계산하였으며, 본 분석을 통해 서울 도심 도로의 상호영향력을 바탕으로 네트워크를 구축할 수 있었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.62-68
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• 1980

Ultraviolet spectrophotometric investigations have been carried out the systems of monoalkylbenzene with iodine in carbon tetrachloride. The results reveal the formation of one to one molecular complexes. The equilibrium constants for these complexes of representative monosubstituted benzene reveal the following order of increasing stability: benzene < methyl- < ethyl- < n-propyl-benzene. The value of ${\Delta}H$, ${\Delta}G$, and ${\Delta}S$ for interaction of a number of monoalkyl substituted benzene with iodine has been determinated. In general, as ΛH becomes increasingly negative, corresponding decreases in ${\Delta}G$ and ${\Delta}S$ values are observed, and these variation are linear. The thermodynamic constants become increasingly negative with increasing monoalkyl substitution of the aromatic donor nucleus. The complex bond is therefore weak, and its formation is accompanied by relatively small entropy changes.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.4185-4190
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• 2011

The nucleophilic substitution reactions of ethylene phosphorochloridate (1c) with substituted anilines ($XC_6H_4NH_2$) and deuterated anilines ($XC_6H_4ND_2$) are investigated kinetically in acetonitrile at $5.0^{\circ}C$. The anilinolysis rate of 1c involving a cyclic five-membered ring is four thousand times faster than its acyclic counterpart (1a: diethyl chlorophosphate) because of great positive value of the entropy of activation of 1c (${\Delta}S^{\neq}=+30\;cal\;mol^{-1}K^{-1}$ compared to negative value of 1a (${\Delta}S^{\neq}=-45\;cal\;mol^{-1}K^{-1}$) over considerably unfavorable enthalpy of activation of 1c (${\Delta}H^{\neq}=27.7\;kcal\;mol^{-1}$) compared to 1a (${\Delta}H^{\neq}=8.3\;kcal\;mol^{-1}$). Great enthalpy and positive entropy of activation are ascribed to sterically congested transition state (TS) and solvent structure breaking in the TS. The free energy correlations exhibit biphasic concave upwards for substituent X variations in the X-anilines with a break point at X = 3-Me. The deuterium kinetic isotope effects are secondary inverse ($k_H/k_D$ < 1) with the strongly basic anilines and primary normal ($k_H/k_D$ > 1) with the weakly basic anilines and rationalized by the TS variation from a dominant backside attack to a dominant frontside attack, respectively. A concerted $S_N2$ mechanism is proposed and the primary normal deuterium kinetic isotope effects are substantiated by a hydrogen bonded, four-center-type TS.