• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.520-530
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• 2020

본 연구의 목적은 작업기반 양측성 상지 훈련과 경 두개 직류 전류 자극이 뇌졸중 환자들의 상지기능에 미치는 효과를 알아보는 것이었다. 만성 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 작업기반 양측성 상지훈련과 경두개 직류전류자극을 실시한 실험군 13명, 작업기반 양측성 상지훈련만 실시한 대조군 13명으로 나누어 총 4주간, 50분씩, 주 5회 실시하였으며, 캐나다 작업수행 평가(Canadian Occupational Performance Measure;COPM), 가속도계 (Accelerometer), 퍼글 마이어 검사(Fugle-Meyer Assessment;FMA), 운동 홛동 척도(Motor Activity Log;MAL)를 사용하여 평가하였다. 연구 결과, 실험군과 대조군은 작업 만족도와 수행도, 환측과 건측의 사용량, 상지 기능의 회복과 움직임의 질에서 모두 유의미한 개선을 보였으며, 특히, 환측 사용량에서 실험군은 대조군 보다 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 따라서 작업기반 양측성 상지 훈련과 경 두개 직류 전류 자극의 결합 중재가 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능회복에 긍정적인 효과를 보임을 알 수 있었다.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.15-18
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• 2007

Purpose : Disc and condylar position were observed on MRIs of temporomandibular joint disorder patients and condylar position agreement between MRI and tranascranal radiography was evaluated. Materials and Methods MRI and transcranial radiographs of both TM joints from 67 patients with temporemandibular disorder were used. On MRI, the position and shape of disc and condylar position as anterior, middle, posterior was evaluated at medial, center, and lateral views. On transcranial radiographs, condylar position was evaluated using the shortest distance from condyle to fossa in anterior, superior, and posterior directions. Results. 1. On MRI, 96 joints (71.6%) of 134 had anterior disc dispalcement with reduction and 38 joints (28.4%) without reduction. 2. Fourteen (14.6%) of 96 reducible joints showed anterior condylar position, 19 (19.8%) showed central position, 63 joints (65.6%) showed posterior position. Two joints (5.3%) of 38 non-reducible joints showed anterior condylar position, while 9 (23.7%) showed central position, and 27 (71.1%)-posterior position. 3. In 85 joints (63.4%) of 134, the transcranial condylar position agreed with that of the central MRI view, 10 joints (7.5%) with that of medial, 16 joints (11.9%) with that of lateral, and 23 joints (17.2%) disagreed with that of MRI. Conclusion : On MRT, most oi the reducible and non-reducible joints showed posterior condylar position. Transcranial radiographs taken with machine designed for TMJ had better agreement of condylar position with that of MRI. Extremely narrow joint spaces or very posterior condylar positions observed on transcranial radiographs had a little more than fifty percent agreement with those of MRIs.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.266-272
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• 2016

Transcranial magnetic stimulation devices has been used mainly for diagnostic purposes by measuring the functions of the nervous system rather than for treatment purposes, and has a problem of considerable energy fluctuations per repeated pulse. The majority of strokes are caused by ischemia and result in brain tissue damage, leading to problems of the central nervous system including hemiparesis, dysfunction of language and consciousness, and dysfunction of perception. Control is difficult and the size is large due to the difficulty of digitalizing the energy stored in a capacitor, and there are many heavy devices. In addition, there are many constraints when it is used for a range of purposes such as head and neck diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of nerve palsy, muscle strengthening, treatment of urinary incontinence etc. Output stabilization and minimization of the energy variation rate are required as the level of the transcranial magnetic stimulation device is dramatically improved and the demand for therapeutic purposes increases. This study developed a compact, low cost transcranial magnetic stimulation device with minimal energy variation of a high repeated pulse and output stabilization using a real time capacitor charge discharge voltage. Ischemia was induced in male SD rats by closing off the common carotid artery for 5 minutes, after which the blood was re-perfused. In the cerebrum, the number of PARP reactive cells after 24 hours significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the TMS group compared to the GI group. As a result, TMS showed the greatest effect on necrosis-related PARP immuno-reactive cells 24 hours after ischemia, indicating necrosis inhibition, blocking of neural cell death, and protection of neural cells.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.187-202
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• 2018

Objectives : Non-invasive transcranial electrical stimulation is one of therapeutic interventions to change in neural excitability of the cortex. Transcranial electro-acupuncture (TEA) can modulate brain functions through changes in cortical excitability as a model of non-invasive transcranial electrical stimulation. Some composites of fermented Scutellaria baicalenis (FSB) can activate intercellular signaling pathways for activation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor that is critical for formation of neural plasticity in stroke patients. This study was aimed at evaluation of combinatory treatment of TEA and FSB on behavior recovery and cortical neural excitability in rodent focal stroke model. Methods : Focal ischemic stroke was induced by photothrombotic injury to the motor cortex of adult rats. Application of TEA with 20 Hz and $200{\mu}A$ in combination with daily oral treatment of FBS was given to stroke animals for 3 weeks. Motor recovery was evaluated by rotating bean test and ladder working test. Electrical activity of cortical pyramidal neurons of stroke model was evaluated by using multi-channel extracellular recording technique and thallium autometallography. Results : Compared with control stroke group who did not receive any treatment, Combination of TEA and FSB treatment resulted in more rapid recovery of forelimb movement following focal stroke. This combination treatment also elicited increase in spontaneous firing rate of putative pyramidal neurons. Furthermore expression of metabolic marker for neural excitability was upregulated in peri-infract area under thallium autometallography. Conclusions : These results suggest that combination treatment of TEA and FSB can be a possible remedy for motor recovery in focal stroke.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.159-169
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide an effective method of exercise therapy for patients with cervicogenic headache. Methods: The subjects were divided into the following three groups according to the intervention received: cervix-stabilizing exercise (n=12, group 1), transcranial direct current stimulation (n=12, group 2), and cervix-stabilizing exercise combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (n=12, group 3). The intragroup and intergroup differences in muscle characteristics and neck disability index were compared and analyzed. Results: The comparison and analysis of the changes in muscle tone and post hoc analysis revealed statistically significant intragroup decreases in the upper trapezius and suboccipitals in groups I and III, and statistically significant intergroup differences in the upper trapezius, with greater changes in group III than in group II, and in the suboccipitals, with greater changes in groupIII than in groups Iand II. The comparison and analysis of the change in muscle stiffness and post hoc analysis revealed a statistically significanti ntra group decrease in the upper trapezius in group Iand suboccipitals in group III, and a statistically significant intergroup difference in both muscles, with greater change in group III than in group II. The comparison and analysis of change in neck disability index and post hoc analysis revealed a statistically significant intragroup decrease in all the three groups and a statistically significant intergroup difference, with greater change in group III than in groups I and II. Conclusion: The neck-stabilizing exercise and transcranial direct current stimulation were shown to be effective in decreasing the tone of the cervical muscles by stabilizing the cervical bone and improving muscle durability, and in improving the movement and limitation of joint range of motion by decreasing muscle tone and stiffness.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.156-164
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• 2021

Several types of pain occur following spinal cord injury (SCI); however, neuropathic pain (NP) is one of the most intractable. Invasive and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques have been studied in clinical trials to treat chronic NP following SCI. The evidence for invasive stimulation including motor cortex and deep brain stimulation via the use of implanted electrodes to reduce SCI-related NP remains limited, due to the small scale of existing studies. The lower risk of complications associated with non-invasive stimulation, including transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), provide potentially attractive alternative central neuromodulation techniques. Compared to rTMS, tDCS is technically easier to apply, more affordable, available, and potentially feasible for home use. Accordingly, several new studies have investigated the efficacy of tDCS to treat NP after SCI. In this review, articles relating to the mechanisms, clinical efficacy and safety of tDCS on SCI-related NP were searched from inception to December 2019. Six clinical trials, including five randomized placebo-controlled trials and one prospective controlled trial, were included for evidence specific to the efficacy of tDCS for treating SCI-related NP. The mechanisms of action of tDCS are complex and not fully understood. Several factors including stimulation parameters and individual patient characteristics may affect the efficacy of tDCS intervention. Current evidence to support the efficacy of utilizing tDCS for relieving chronic NP after SCI remains limited. Further strong evidence is needed to confirm the efficacy of tDCS intervention for treating SCI-related NP.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.1476-1484
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• 2021

본 연구의 목적은 경두개직류자극(tDCS) 유무에 따른 골프 퍼팅 수행력을 비교 분석하는 것이었다. 본 연구에 참여한 대상자는 신체 건강한 대학 골프선수 10명이 참여하였다. 1대의 SAMPutt basic unit과 tDCS를 이용하여 퍼팅 시 발생하는 운동학적 자료 수집 및 분석을 실시하였다. 통계분석은 경두개직류자극 유무에 따른 퍼팅 수행력을 비교하기 위해 paired t-test를 실시하였으며, 통계적 유의수준은 .05로 설정하였다. 연구결과, 평지 퍼팅에서 FA와 BS가 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났으며, 훅 2° 퍼팅에서 IS가 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 추후 경두개직류자극이 퍼팅 시 신체 균형 유지와의 관련성을 규명하는 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 치과방사선
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.175-181
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• 1987

The purpose of this study is to know the value of the photographic subtraction technic in the transcranial oblique lateral projection of the TMJ. The author examined the transcranial oblique lateral projection radiographs which comprise 50 cases of 32 persons, compared the transcranial oblique lateral projection films and those subtraction films. The following results were obtained. 1) The condyle at closed jaw position had showed a reversed tone image, but the condyle at the opening position had showed a re-reversed ordinary image. Both condyles had showed one subtraction film because radiographic interpretation of TMJ was easy. 2) On 50 cases of subtraction films, 46 cases had showed same radiographic images compared with trascranial oblique lateral projection films. Four cases (3 cases of erosion, 1 cases of sclerosis) had showed additional changes of images so that capability of interpretation was improved.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.175-187
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• 2017

Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) is a clinically safe and effective method of delivering weak electric current to modulate cortical activities. And based on the cumulating scientific evidences, the method is recommended to treat major depressive disorder (MDD) and other psychiatric disorders. In this paper, we review the development of TDCS in the rising field of neuromodulation. Then with suggested biochemical and physical mechanism of TDCS, we summarize the reported cases of using TDCS to alleviate major neuropsychiatric disorders. And, in particular, the treatment of MDD is highlighted as an illustrative example of using TDCS. We discuss here the therapeutic potentials of this method in psychiatry. And in closing remarks, we evaluate the current technical limitations and suggest the future directions of this method in both the clinical and research aspects.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.153-165
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• 1999

The transcranial Doppler(TCD) is a technique for measuring blood flow velocity of intracranial and extarcranial arteries. This examination based on Doppler effect which was first formulated in 1842 by the Austrian physicist Christian Doppler. In 1982, Rune Aaslid first maked 2MHz pulsed probe and recording intracranial vessels with transcranially. There are six criteria utilized in gaining positive identification of the intracranial vessels. The six criteria are as follows l)acoustical windows 2)depth of sample volume 3)direction of flow 4)spatial relationship of ACA and MCA bifurcation 5)mean velocity and 6)response common carotid artery compression and/or oscillation test. The affected factors for TCD examination are angle of insonation, posture of subject, age, gender, hematocrit, metabolic factors, and cardiac output. Clinical application of TCD are detection of stenosis, occlusion, emboli, thrombsis in intracranial and extracranial arteries and evaluation of cerebral arterovenous malformation, collateral capacity in the circle of Willis, ischemia cerebrovascular disease, stroke patient and vertebrobasilar system.