• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Physical exercise promotes energy producing pathways requiring thiamin and riboflavin as a coenzyme. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of regular exercise training on urinary excretion of thiamin and riboflavin. MATERIALS/METHODS: Fifty rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: non-exercise training (NT, n = 25) and regular exercise training (ET, n = 25) for 5 weeks. The rats performed moderate exercise on a treadmill (0.5-0.8 km/hour) for 30 min/day, 5 days/week. Twenty-four hour urine samples were collected at the end of the 0 week, $3^{rd}$ week, and $5^{th}$ week of training and thiamin and riboflavin were analyzed. RESULTS: No significant differences in thiamin and riboflavin intakes for each week were observed between the NT and ET groups. Urinary thiamin excretion of each group was the highest at the $5^{th}$ week compared to the levels at 0 and $3^{rd}$ week. Urinary thiamin at the $5^{th}$ week was significantly lower in the ET group than in the NT group. Urinary riboflavin excretion was increased by training duration, however, no difference was observed between NT and ET for each week. At 0 and $3^{rd}$ week, no significant relationships were observed between dietary intake and urinary excretion of thiamin and riboflavin, however, at the $5^{th}$ week, urinary excretion was significantly increased by dietary intake only in the NT group (P < 0.05). Thiamin excretion of both NT and ET groups was significantly increased with riboflavin excretion at the $5^{th}$ week (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Regular moderate exercise training increased urinary excretion of thiamin. Dietary intakes and urinary excretions of thiamin and riboflavin showed positive correlation in both the exercise training and non-exercise training groups as the exercise training period went by, while the correlations in the exercise training group were weaker than those in the non-exercise training group. Therefore, regular exercise training can alter the urinary excretion of thiamin and riboflavin in rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2018

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of inspiratory muscle training on diaphragm movement and pulmonary function in healthy women. METHODS: The subjects of the study were 27 young women between ages 19 and 22 years who had no history of orthopedic damage for the last 6 months. The 27 participants were randomly selected and spontaneously participated and consented to the purpose of the study. This study measured diaphragm movement and pulmonary function under two different conditions, before and after inspiratory muscle training. Ultrasonography is appropriate for measuring diaphragm movement, and Pony Fx is appropriate to measure pulmonary function such as forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second ($FEV_1$), $FEV_1/FVC$ ratio, and peak expiratory flow (PEF) before and after inspiratory muscle training. Paired t-test with a significant level of .05 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: As a result, diaphragm movement significantly increases 1.45cm from before inspiratory muscle training (p<.05). Also, FVC, $FEV_1$, and FEP significantly increase 11.25%, 6.96%, and 8.18%, respectively, from before inspiratory muscle training (p<.05). CONCLUSION: The diaphragm movement and pulmonary function of the healthy women in this study were in stantly affected by inspiratory muscle training. From these results, we need to confirm effects of inspiratory muscle training on clinical patients such as pulmonary disease.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.113-127
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• 2023

The Gyeongseong Women's Medical Training Center was created as the result of the efforts of our internal visionaries with meaningful foreign missionaries to cultivate female doctors, yet the systematic structure of the institution developed primarily out of Korean efforts. Koreans have tried hard to cultivate their descendants and the skills of the Korean people within this framework, challenging the oppression of the ruling class in a given environment, and the results have continued to this day. First, during the Early period (1890-1909), Korea began to establish women's education and the first female doctors were trained with the help of foreign missionaries. Second, during the Growth period (1910-1919), while it was difficult for women's education to be easily expressed during Japanese colonial era, the need for women's education was growing as part of the patriotic enlightenment movement, and female students who wanted to become doctors began to go abroad. In addition, during this period, the means to train female doctors in Korea was available, but this system was not recognized by the Japanese colonial government. Third, during the Preparatory period (1920-1928), the Gyeongseong Women's Medical Class, which gave practical training to female doctors, was established and centered on Rosetta Hall and female doctors who studied abroad. Fourth, a women's medical school was established during the Establishment period (1929-1938), which created a foundation for stable supply of professional women's medical personnel. In this article, we studied the process of women who were marginalized in education until they were trained as professional intellectuals, and we hope that it will help them understand the current women's education in Korea and draw directions in the future.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.128-139
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of an individual breast-feeding promotion program to address breast-feeding knowledge, attitude, method and rate of practice for married immigrant women. Methods: A non-equivalent control group quasi-experimental design was used (experimental group=16, control group=17). The intervention consisted of 3 phases: (1) Within 2 hours of delivery - individual breast-feeding training through video/verbal/practical training education and demonstration (2) After 1~2 days - group training using video, model doll, and breast models (3) After 7 days - family visit, counseling, retraining and reinforcement training. The data were analyzed using non-parametric tests with the SPSS program. Results: Married immigrant women who participated in the individual breast-feeding program scored high in knowledge, attitude, method and rate of practice compared to the control group. Conclusion: The results indicate that the individual breast-feeding program is very effective in increasing breast-feeding knowledge, attitude, method and rate of practicing breast feeding for married immigrant women. So, nurses are encouraged to aggressively utilize individual breast-feeding programs to help married immigrant women, who are exposed to vulnerability due to various situations.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.16
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• pp.6905-6910
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• 2014

Background: The relation ofsurvivin gene expression to survival and surgical prognostic factors in the patients with endometrial carcinoma is unclear. Materials and Methods: In this study, 62 cases who were operated due to endometrial carcinoma were investigated between 2003 and 2011 in the the gynecological oncology clinic of Female Disease Training and Investigation Hospital of Etlik Zubeyde, Hanim, Turkey. Clinical and surgical prognostic factors were investigated by screening the records of these cases. With the standard streptavidin-biotin immune peroxidase method, cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of survivin was investigated in sections with specific antibodies (1:100, diagnostic Bio Systems, USA) primer. The aim was to elucidate any relation between survivin expression and defined prognostic factors and survival. Results: There was no statistically significant relationship between cytoplasmic and nuclear indexes identified for survivin and age, body mass index, the levels of preoperative hemoglobin, platelet and Ca 125, stage, grade, lymph node meastasis, the number of meta statical lymph nodes (total, paraaortic and pelvic), myometrial invasion, serosal invasion, adnexal involvement, the presence of acid in the first diagnosis, the involvement of omentum, the adjuvant treatment application of the cases, the presence of recurrence and rate of mortality (p>0.05). Statistical significance was noted for the presence of advanced stage lymph node metastasis (pelvic, paraaortic, pelvic and paraaortic), serosal involvement, positive cytology, lymph vascular space invasion, intra abdominal metastasis, and omentum involvement. When investigated the relation between cytoplasmic and nuclear survivin indexes and total survival, the result was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusions: In our study, there was no statistically significant relationship between the rates of cytoplasmic and nuclear survivin expression with identified prognostic factors and total or non-disease survival.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.22-28
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• 2019

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of diet plus exercise training and detraining for 12 weeks on body composition, aerobic performance, and stress-related variables in obese women. [Methods] Twenty-five women in their 20s-40s with 30% body fat and body mass indices above 25 kg/m² were divided into HR_LT (heart rate at lactate threshold) and HR_LT + 5% groups. Dietary intervention of 70% recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and exercise treatment composed of aerobic exercises on a bicycle (30 min) and treadmill (30 min) were then performed. These interventions were performed three times a week for 12 weeks. [Results] Dietary intake was significantly decreased, while daily activity significantly increased within the 12-week intervention period, and this effect was sustained after 12 weeks of detraining. Exercise training based on dietary intake and daily activity presented a significantly decreased weight and % body fat, improvement of aerobic performance, and a significant increase in heart rate variability (HRV) (e.g., average of all RR intervals and the square root mean squared differences of successive RR intervals) as stress-related variables. It was also confirmed that the improvement of body composition and stress-related variables were maintained even after detraining. [Conclusion] Our results suggest that 70% RDA of dietary intervention and exercise training corresponding to HR_LT and HR_LT + 5% for 12 weeks were effective in improving body composition and aerobic performance, and relieving stress. In particular, enhanced HRV persisted for up to 12 weeks after the end of exercise training in obese women.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.2177-2183
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• 2016

Background: To evaluate the predictive role of a risk of malignancy index in discriminating between benign and malignant adnexal masses preoperatively. Materials and Methods: A total of 408 patients with adnexal masses managed surgically between January 2010 and February 2014 were included. The risk of malignancy indices (RMI) 1, 2, 3 and 4 were calculated using findings for ultrasonography, menopausal status, and CA125 levels. Histopathologic results were the end point. ROC analysis was used for the sensitivity and the specificity of the models. Results: Some 37.6 % of the cases were malignant in the postmenopausal group while 7.9 % were malignant in the premenopausal group. Pelvic pain was the most common complaint, and the majority of the cases were diagnosed at stage 3. The RMI 1, 2, 3 and 4 yielded percentage sensitivities of 76.1, 79.1, 76.1 and 76.1 and specificities of 91.5, 89.1, 90.6, 88.6, respectively. RMI 1 was the most reliable test in the general population according to AUC levels and Kappa statistics. From ROC analysis results of post/premenopausal women, the RMI 1 (cut off: 200) yielded sensitivities of 84.0/60.9 and specificities of 87.7/92.5. With RMI 2 they were 88.6/60.9 and 80.0/91.0, with RMI 3 84.0/60.9 and 87.7/91.8, and with RMI 4 (cut off:400) 81.8/47.8 and 83.6 /44.0. Although test performance of RMI methods were good in a general population and postmenopausal women, the RMI inter-agreement validity was only moderate or fair in premenopausal women. Conclusions: Our study confirms the effectiveness of RMI algorithms in postmenopausal women. However, more sensitive tests are needed for premenopausal women.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.14-18
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• 2007

This study investigated the effect of physical training and oxidative stress on the anti oxidative activity and on plasma lipid profile. Forty eight rats were given either a physical training or no training for 4 weeks and were then subdivided into 3 groups: before-exercise (BE); during-exercise (DE); after-exercise (AE). The antioxidative activity was evaluated with the activities of catalase in plasma and superoxide dismutase (SOD), the ratio of reduced glutathione/ oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver. The plasma concentrations of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C)) were also compared. Compared to those of non-training group. catalase activities of training group were lower before exercise but higher during and after exercise. SOD activities were higher regardless of exercise. GSH/GSSG ratio was higher before exercise but was not significantly different during exercise and even lower after exercise. There were no differences between non-training group and training group in MDA levels regardless of exercise. Compared to those of non-training group, atherosclerotic index of training group was lower after exercise and there were no significant differences before and during exercise. There were no differences between non-training group and training group in HDL-C regardless of exercise. These results suggest that moderate physical training can activate antioxidant defenses and decrease the atherosclerotic index and this beneficial effect is evident under exercise-induced oxidative stress.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.213-219
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of balance training on metabolic syndrome indicators and functional fitness. For this purpose, a 12-week balance training was conducted for 16 elderly women who usually complain of back and shoulder pain. In addition, of the 16 subjects, 8 were classified into the exercise group and 8 into the control group, and the effectiveness of the training program was verified. As a result of examining the metabolic syndrome index and functional fitness before and after 12 weeks of balance training, the following results were obtained. First, a significant interaction was shown in the metabolic syndrome index before and after 12 weeks of balance training. Second, there was a significant interaction in functional fitness before and after 12 weeks of balance training. This confirmed that balance training had a positive effect on functional fitness along with positive changes in metabolic syndrome in elderly women. In the future, it is necessary to clarify the effect of balance training through the expansion of the training period and measurement variables.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.107-119
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• 2001

As the information gap between rural and urban area, and between men and women has been widening, the Rural Development Administration(RDA) has initiated the women farmers information project from 2000. The aims of this project are; 1) to facilitate women farmers' computer and information application in agriculture and income generating activities, and 2) to make them to be leaders to popularize computer application in rural area and agricultural sector. For these, RDA has provided not only PC, software, computer training but also the post support of extension educator to target group. This paper focused on evaluating the effect of the project, clarifying the related variables with the effect, and providing suggestions to enhance the effect. The data were gathered from 310 target women farmers and 166 extension educators in charge of the project all over the country by mailing survey with questionnaire. The main findings of this study were as follows; 1) The level of computer application of the target group was improved drastically, 2) As their self-assessment, they could improve psychological fear on the computer, recognition about information, and attitude to seek information, 3) This project was helpful for them in terms of information gathering and farm(or income generating activities) management, 4) They tried to disseminate the benefit of computer application to neighbors, so that the neighbors' interest in computer and attendance of computer training were improved, 5) Variables such as the computer training hours, the number of interaction with extension educator, formal schooling and farming history were significantly related to the project's effect. To enhance the project's effect the following strategies should be carried out; 1) The period of the computer training course should be standardized and the subjects should attend to the computer training course for the standardized period. 2) Through continuous interaction with the subjects, the extension educator should support them to use computer well and to overcome some difficulties as a beginner. 3) In selecting the subjects, the priority should be given to the person who graduated high school at least. 4) The subjects should focus on using management software, gathering useful information for their business, and selling their products directly to the consumer. 5) So as to enhance the abilities mentioned above, RDA should strengthen learning opportunities through on-line training and providing educational software, besides of existing off-line training.