• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.675-684
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• 2021

This paper aims to analyze factors influencing earnings of workers in Vietnam using provincial-level data from 2016 to 2018. We show the important determinants of earnings of workers of more than 15 years old including working hour, labor force, life expectancy, education, regulation measured by Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) and especially Industry 4.0, our major depart from literature proxies by government expenditure on science and technology, number of phone lines, and number of internet users. Working hours are a typical measurement of quantity of labor supplied. Labor force represents market size from the supply side. Life expectancy measures the health of laborers, a physical quality measure of workers. PCI stands for institutional status of the locality. Two most important factors of our interest are education, representing qualification of workers, and Industry 4.0, reflecting the new working environment of workers. By estimating a robust standard error fixed-effect model, we have evidence that all factors are significant in explaining earnings of Vietnamese workers. Education and IR4.0 play an important role in earnings of workers of Vietnam. Results also provide an estimation of Vietnam's labor supply in the context of Industry 4.0. In addition, findings contribute to explain the income discrepancy among Vietnamese provinces.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.119-146
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• 2023

Purpose - As the severity of air pollution caused by the shipping industry is becoming evident, port authorities have started making efforts to reduce air pollutants. Considering the limitations of the currently implemented emission-control area (ECA) and vessel-speed reduction program (VSRP), which are narrow in the designation range and navigation behavior of ships, this study proposes an emission-control route (ECR) that can complement the aforementioned two environmental policies. Design/methodology - This study was conducted on Korea-China trade service routes (ports of call) of regular liners. This study employed vessel-specific data, which is from an automatic identification system (AIS), for 1,728 maritime transportations performed by 387 container vessels during one year (July 1, 2021, to June 30, 2022). Performing a scenario analysis, this study analyzed the effectiveness of reduced air-pollutant emissions. Findings - This study found that the implementation of ECRs could increase average voyage time by 12.38%-25.28% but reduced air-pollutant emissions by 29.02%-43.54%. Additionally, the increase in average voyage times reduces the anchorage time of ships outside ports, providing an incentive for ship operators to voluntarily participate in compliance with regulations, thereby contributing to the establishment of a virtuous cycle of air-environmental policies related to ships. Originality/value - This study aims to verify the policy effectiveness by designing an ECR scope for liner trade routes between Korea and China. Therefore, originality and the value of this study includes conceptualizing the ECR system, analyzing its environmental performance, and exploring new policies that can be implemented while complementing existing policies.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.136-142
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• 2007

Due to the construction technique (or the construction culture) growth in and out of Korea, newly-developed products have been continuously released. Furthermore, all legislation and regulation that the World follows are gradually becoming unified. (e.g. FTA(Free Trade Agreement) with the United States was contracted, and inevitable FTA contraction with EU and China ), For this reason, it is considered that Korean fire regulation on building interior materials needs to be reviewed and compared with that of international standard so that it becomes legitimate and reasonable one. Especially, this reference is going to make a description of building interior materials' Flame retardant performance standard.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.295-316
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• 2011

If the medical staff privileges, which mean the eligibility to practice at open hospitals, are excluded in the United States, antitrust claims based on the violation of the Sherman Act have been raised a lot. The proliferation of these lawsuits in the United States, which are characterized as antitrust lawsuits, can be understandable situation. The reason is because doctors who don't belong to specific hospitals are seriously damaged, if the medical staff privileges are excluded and doctors cannot use facilities of open hospitals. In order to decide to allow the privileges of certain doctors, hospitals have to rely on peer review to maintain high quality of medical services, and it is not easy to find alternative of peer review in the professional areas like healthcare. However, there are possibilities that members of the peer review can abuse power to unfairly exclude privileges of potential competitors. In this sense, it is asserted in the U.S. antitrust lawsuits that the restraint of medical staff privilege can be the illegal restraint of trade in violation of section 1 of Sherman Act and can be monopolization or an attempt to monopoly by hospitals in violation of section 2 of Sherman Act. As Korea adopted open hospital system quite recently, there is still no case related with the exclusion of medical staff privileges. However, medical staff privilege system of Korea is not different from that of the United States in principle. Thus, the U.S. jurisprudence on the exclusion of medical staff privileges can be referred in the interpretation of "practice that interferes with or restricts the activities or contents of the business" based on Article 19.1.9 of Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Law of Korea.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.97-116
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• 2013

The environmental problems such as global climate chage, global wamning, ozone depletion, environmental pollution have been caused by the rapid economic growth, increasing in use of fossil fuels for industralization and scientific technology development. Between Environmental Preservation and Economic Development, the new paradigm, "Sustainable Development" is presented to the world now. To achieve global environmental objectives, some multilateral envrionment mental agreements includes trade regulation. However Kyoto Protocol has no provisions to regulate trade and is not in force yet. By the effectuation of the Kyoto Protocol, Korea will be faced very serious situation because of her high Dependency on Foreign Trade and Fossil Fuel- intensive Industries. We must be able to gain a sense of ownership in the out come of the WTO/CTE discussions by contributing meaningfully to the creation of a constructive relationship between Trade and Environment concerns.

• Korean Journal of Labor Studies
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.231-276
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• 2017

Chinese society faces increasing outbreaks of labor disputes, may of which are usually characterized as 'the highest level since the establishment of PRC'. Guangdong Province is the hottest place for increasing labor disputes as well as for flexible responses by the local government and labor agencies. Interest-pursuit bargaining model becomes one of the outstanding characteristics for recent labor disputes in Guangdong Province. Chinese central government promulgated well-managed policy package for labor dispute settlement in 2015. Guangdong Province government went one step further by introducing to institutionalize labor dispute settlement. To channel labor dispute conflicts into manageable direction, reliability and capacity of bottom level trade unions become much more essential for the authorities than before. Guangdong Confederation of Trade Unions leads some important experiments of trade union reforms. Employment of 'social cadres' of trade unions by local trade union organizations is the most outstanding experiment to satisfy increasing needs from bottom level ordinary workers who don't have efficient union organizations. It needs to be seen whether changing labor policies go beyond the limits of 'security priority principle'.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 2020

Korea is one of active countries in terms of FTA(Free Trade Agreement) around the globe. Local market is not big enough for Korean companies. This is why Korea is actively participating in FTA with various countries. Individual companies should conform to regulation, policy and system relevant to the agreement. Otherwise, it is not easy for companies to enjoy benefits of FTA. The Korean government is using various FTA programs to support domestic companies, in particular SMEs(Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises). FTA-PASS is a representative program. FTA-PASS is an official program of Korea Customs Service. Korean companies can use the program as free. However, some companies may have difficulties regarding the use of FTA-PASS. The program may cause of compatibility problem related their own ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning) systems. This study is designed to analyze determinants of FTA-PASS and ERP system compatibility. Furthermore this study aims to examine effects of the system compatibility on export performances. This study collected data from Koreas SMEs. In specific, the primary data was based on surveys distributed to 303 SMEs. Based on empirical findings, we could get important determinants to improve compatibility between FTA-PASS and ERP systems. For instance, the government support, product standardization, HS Code clearness and market stability could be considered important determinants. Also, according to empirical findings, a positive relationship between system compatibility an export performance was supported. Analyzing comprehensive determinants of system compatibility can be suggested as an important topic for future research.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.113-190
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• 2002

The purpose of this paper is to perform empirical studies on the impact of pollution intensity on international competitiveness using 1993 and 1998 data, and to estimate the change in environmental regulation level faced by the firms during 1993~1998. Collecting relevant data and providing them for further studies in the area are another purposes of the paper. The first method is the regression of various indices of international competitiveness on factor costs, such as labor, capital, R&D and pollution abatement costs. Goal of the regression analysis is to estimate the scarcity and comparative advantage effect of each production factor, especially environmental resource. Regression results show that those industries which employ more environmental resource have higher comparative advantage in both years, which implies that Korean firms are endowed with abundant environmental resource compared to other countries. The second method is to compute the relative scarcity indices(HOVL indices) of production factors, proposed by Leamer based on Vanek's generalized Hecksher-Ohlin Theorem. This method estimates the relative scarcity of production factors by computing factor costs embodied in import and export of commodities. This method shows similar results as the regression method; i.e., trade pattern of production factors implies that the manufacturing sector in Korea is endowed with abundant environmental resource compared to other countries. Considering population density, water resource endowment, intensity of economic activity per unit area and current air and water pollution levels, it is evident that Korea is never endowed with abundant environmental resource compared to other countries. Then the abundance of environmental resource revealed by the trade patterns of commodities and production factors implies that Korea's environmental regulation level is excessively generous compared to environmental capacity, and that this increased the environmental resource endowment supplied to firms and thus distorted the inter-industry comparative advantages. Both regression and HOVL methods, on the other hand, show that overall environmental regulation level faced by the firms has been strengthened during 1993~1998.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.68-83
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• 2019

Purpose - The UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records (Model Law) is based on the principles of non-discrimination against the use of electronic means, functional equivalence, and technology neutrality underpinning all UNCITRAL texts on electronic commerce. Investigating the disagreements between the Model Law and the Koran Commercial Act (KC Act), including the B/L Regulation, and suggesting the revision of the KC Act including the B/L Regulation, could be a valuable study. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the harmonization of Korean legislation regarding electronic bill of lading in compliance with the Model Law. Design/methodology - The Model Law is flexible to accommodate the use of all technologies and models, such as registries, tokens, and distributed ledgers: that is, blockchain. In 2007, the KC Act was revised to regulate electronic bills of lading to promote the widespread legal use of electronic bills of lading. In addition, The Regulation on Implementation of the Provisions of the Commercial Act Regarding Electronic Bills of Lading (the B/L Regulation) was enacted to regulate the detailed procedures in using electronic bills of lading in 2008. This paper employs a legal analysis by which this paper does find differences between two rules in light of technology neutrality and global standard of electronic bills of lading model. Findings - The main findings are as follows: i) the Korean registry agency has characteristics of a closed system. ii) The KC Act has no provision regarding control. iii) The KC Act discriminates other electronic bills of lading on the ground that it was issued or used abroad. Moreover, this study does comprehensive analysis of Korean Acts in comparison with the Model Law and, in particular, this study analyzes the differences between the KC Act and the Model Law by comparing article by article in view of the harmonization of the two rules. Originality/value - The subject of previous several studies was draft provisions on Electronic Transferable Records before completion of the Model Law; thus, these studies did not take into consideration the character of the Model Law as the Model Law was chosen at the final stage of legislation. This study is aimed at the final version of the Model Law. So, this study is meaningful by finding the suggestion and directions for the Korean government to revise the KC Act and the B/L Regulation in line with the Model Law.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.675-684
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• 2017

Geographical Identification (GI) regulation is not common in Korea. Although studies on the regulation recently have been conducted, there is a lack of academic discussion about its domestic introduction and activation plan. GI regulation has advantages in terms of activation of local industry, consumer protection, and economic efficiency. Moreover, the quality of agricultural and marine products in Korea is not lower than that in Europe to apply GI regulation. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the regulation in Korea through the review of the reference cases. This study examines the status of GI regulation and policies in Korea and foreign countries for the protection of domestic liquor industry. This study also provides suggestions to achieve the growth of domestic Makgeolli through GI regulation as if the liquors representing a country such as French wine, Japanese sake, and German beer are being loved around the world.