• 융합정보논문지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.270-277
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• 2022

전세계적으로 서비스산업의 진전이 본격화되는 가운데 글로벌 무역에서 서비스가 차지하는 위상과 비중 역시 점차 높아지고 있다. 안정적이고 공정한 국제무역은 견고한 국제통상규범 위에 실현 가능한바 GATS 출범 이후 정체기에 있던 서비스무역규범에 관한 다자간 논의가 최근 상당한 성과를 보이고 있다. 서비스무역규범의 주요 이슈는 결국 서비스 자유무역에 영향을 미치는 회원국들의 다양한 서비스무역장벽이다. 최근 타결된 WTO의 「서비스 국내규제에 관한 복수국간 협상」은 면허, 자격요건, 기술표준 등 서비스무역과 관련된 개별국 차원의 국내 조치가 무역장벽이 되지 않도록 통일된 규범을 마련했다는데 의의가 있다. 이에 본고는 서비스무역규범의 적용 대상인 서비스무역장벽의 형태와 실태를 검토하고, 이를 완화하기 위한 노력으로써 최근까지의 다자간 서비스무역규범 논의 동향의 고찰을 통해 앞으로 지속적인 논의가 나아가야 할 방향을 제시하고자 하였다.

• 무역학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.121-140
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• 2021

The ship recycling or scrap is a phenomenon in the process of vessels life cycle has ended in the shipping industry. Scrap are greatly affected by freight rates due to ship demands. Not only that, environmental regulation and economic scale vessel demand are processes that must exist in the shipping industry as they obtain management for existing vessels. In the past, shipbreaking yard had tried to work without protection for poverty, without poor working conditions and facilities to prevent the emission of harmful substances. However, the issue of environmental pollution has been raised the Basel and Hong Kong Convention have been adopted, and a new replacement of the ship scrap that induces serious pollution is required. In this study, 165 countries were analyzed to confirm the importance of determining the ship solution. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the Environmental Performance Index, which is a measure of environmental regulation, is the most influential factor of ship scrapped volume. The determinant of whether lower labor cost can be secured is more correlated with population than GDP per capita. The implications of the results of the regression analysis mean that if environmental regulations for ship scrap of the future are strengthened, the status of Bangladesh and Pakistan, which currently account for half of the world's ship recycling, may change.

• 무역학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.177-197
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• 2023

독과점적 지위의 온라인플랫폼 기업이 컨텐츠 공급업체들에 대해 지대추구행위를 행하는 것은 수입국 정부가 불완전 경쟁시장의 수출기업들이 취득하는 독점지대를 최적관세를 통해 가로채는 과정과 매우 유사하다. 소위 전략적 무역정책이라고 일컬어지는 이와 같은 수입국의 최적관세 부과 메커니즘을 온라인플랫폼 기업의 지대추구행동에 적용할 경우, 이를 방지하기 위한 규제개혁 논의에 있어 중요한 통찰을 제공받을 수 있을 것이다. 즉 온라인플랫폼 기업이 R&D투자를 통해 컨텐츠 차별화를 추구하는 독점적 경쟁시장의 컨텐츠 공급업체들에 대해 차별적인 수수료를 부과할 경우, 컨텐츠 공급업체들의 R&D투자를 억제시킴으로써 기업들의 혁신투자를 감소시키게 될 것이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 이윤극대화를 추구하는 온라인플랫폼 기업들은 결코 자발적으로 차별적인 수수료 부과체계를 포기하지는 않을 것이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 컨텐츠기업들에 대한 동등한 수수료 부과 체계의 도입을 강제할 수 있는 규정의 개정을 제안하고자 한다.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.115-130
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper examines the impact of labor market regulations on FDI and the production of foreign firms. Design/methodology - We use an index of employment protection along with data on the FDI and production of foreign affiliates that are provided by the OECD. Findings - The empirical results show that strict employment protection discourages both the production and initial entry of foreign firms, with its impact on production being larger than that on the initial entry decision. The result is robust to various specifications in which instrumental variable estimations are used by applying a unionization rate and a severance pay for redundancy dismissal as instruments, respectively. Therefore, policymakers should not limit their focus to tax incentives, cash grants, and relaxation of market regulations, but they should also extend their attention to labor market deregulation and decreasing non-wage cost to attract more foreign firms into their countries. Originality/value - This paper attempts to answer the question on the impact of employment protection rules on the foreign firm's decisions regarding production as well as initial entry.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.628-646
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• 2010

본 연구는 다수의 사람과 상품이 반복적으로 국경을 넘어 왕래하는 한 중 소무역, 일명 보따리 무역을 대상으로, 소무역의 등장 배경 및 성장 과정에서 한 중 여객 항로의 역할을 설명하고, 소무역의 규모와 소무역상의 조직, 그리고 소무역상의 구성 등의 변화를 살펴봄으로써 한 중소무역의 내적 변화과정을 규명하고, 한 중소무역에서 거래 품목의 특성과수출입 과정 및 소무역 결절지의 특성을 고찰함으로써 한 중 소무역의 공간적 특성을 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구는 위와 같은 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해, 한 중 소무역과 해운사의 관계를 논의했고, 한 중 소무역의 내적 변화를 소무역에 대한 규제 강화를 중심으로 고찰했으며, 한 중 소무역을 설명하기 위해 1980년대 말부터 소무역이 폭발적으로 증가한 구소련 및 중 동부 유럽의 소무역 현상에 관해 논의했다.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.237-255
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• 2012

We review the research literature on relationship between environmental regulation and industrial development in three aspects of environmental regulation and investment, environmental regulation and efficiency, environmental regulation and trade. Indeed, the linkage between environmental regulation and material consumption of industrial system is absent. Environmental regulation is measured as the expenditure share for industrial pollutants abatement, and effluent charge intensity. Using panel-level data from 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China, we build correlation models between material consumption and environmental regulation, results show that: (1) there are significant quadratic function relationship between material consumption and environmental regulation. And there is the fact that inflection point exists. (2) On basis of inflection points, we make two remarkable reflections. Firstly, the inflection points are the most important scale to judge reasonability and performance of regulations. Secondly, a Pareto improvement may occur when the regulations achieve a certain target. (3) Both intensities of industrial pollutants abatement expenditure and effluent charge have not yet achieved the expected target in most regions of mainland China at present. And most of regions of material consumption decreasing are distributed in western China. Main reasons lie in the impacts of industrial features as well as the regulations.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.117-153
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• 1995

• 무역학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.177-191
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• 2019

Global trade protectionism has increased further and U.S. priorities and protectionism have strengthened since Trump took office in 2017. Trump administration is actively implementing tariff measures based on U.S. domestic trade laws rather than the WTO rules and regulations. In particular, the American government has recently been imposing high tariffs due to national security and imposing economic sanctions on other countries' imports. According to the U.S. Trade Expansion Act Section 232, the American government imposed additional tariffs on steel and aluminum imports to WTO member countries such as China, India, and EU etc. on march 15, 2018. Thus, this study aims to investigate whether the U.S. Trade Expansion Act Section 232 is consistent with GATT/WTO rules by comparing the legal basis of US / China / WTO regulations related to Section 232 of the U.S. Trade Expansion Act, and gives some suggestions for responding to the Section 232 measure. As the Section 232 measure exceeded the scope of GATT's Security Exceptions regulation and is very likely to be understood as a safeguard measure. If so, the American government is deemed to be in breach of WTO's regulations, such as the most-favored-nation treatment obligations and the duty reduction obligations. In addition, American government is deemed to be failed to meet the conditions of initiation of safeguard measure and violated the procedural requirements such as notification and consultation. In order to respond to these U.S. protection trade measures, all affected countries should actively use the WTO multilateral system to prevent unfair measures. Also, it is necessary to revise the standard jurisdiction of the dispute settlement body and to explore the balance of the WTO Exception clause so that it can be applied strictly. Finally, it would be necessary for Chinese exporters to take a counter-strategy under such trade pressure.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.121-142
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• 2006

Recently regarding the ownership and proper operational forms of paperless trade infrastructure has become an issue. In this research the structural separation approach, different from the behavioral regulation approach, has been adopted. Following the structural separation, the core e-trade infrastructure which is separated from a vertically integrated provider, can be operated by three different forms such as a private sector; a public sector; finally a consortium among participants. As another option, the separated whole infrastructure including both core and non-core can be operated by a independent private entity. However, this option is not interesting case to us. As the last option, it can be considered that a new wholesale independent company for the separated core-infra can be set up for running. Additionally, three other alternative ways such as accounting separation, division separation, or corporation separation with keeping same ownership are also demonstrated. However the cautious investigation on cost and benefits of vertical separation are strongly recommended by OECD and agrees with the conclusion of this study.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.379-403
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• 2009

The Purpose of this study is to research the problems of trade restriction for an environment protection. Environmental regulation relate to trade are Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora, Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes & Their Disposal, Cartagena Protocol on Biosafty and WTO Agreement. Regulatory action for environmental protection has economics instrument, command & control, liablity, damage compensation, voluntary agreement. In the case of our country, impact of regulatory action for environmental protection is low. Because is recognized position of developing country yet. For in the balance rules of trade and enviroment, First must satisfy WTO's basic principles and principle of quantitative restrictions prohibition, Second, operation of protection action must reasonable and objective standards Third, must satisfy GATT article 20 (b) clause and (g) protestation each essential factor To grow for environment advanced country, we should do i) using of FTA ii) international cooperation strengthening for developing country position iii) construction of environment information network