• 중국학논총
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• 제72호
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• pp.101-122
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• 2021

Over the past 20 years, labor standards have been widely used in free trade agreements. The U.S., the European Union and China have all aggressively signed free trade agreements with their trading partners, developing different styles on labor standards. According to the study, the implementation of the KOREa-EU FREE trade agreement has been hampered by ongoing disputes over the terms of the FREE trade agreement and the ILO since the korea-EU free trade agreement was signed. Because in order to break this deadlock, relevant scholars have done a lot of research, but mainly focused on the economic and trade field. Therefore, this paper for the first time systematically studies the substantive focus of disputes over FTA and ILO clauses, and carefully analyzes the domestic law amended by South Korea, and provides suggestions and inspirations for China by drawing lessons from the revision model of South Korea's domestic law. This is from a newperspective: the essence of the korea-EU FTA and ILO disputes is the conflict between international law and domestic law, and the conflict between free trade agreements and human rights protection. It holds that the essence of disputes should be sorted out from the perspective of legal principles and human rights protection, and the free trade and human rights protection should be actively coordinated. In order to make China more actively integrate into the international economy, China should adopt a positive attitude to revise and perfect its own laws, so as to realize the purpose of common development of international trade and human rights protection.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.295-323
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• 1999

A main purpose of this study is to examine the international mercantile custom of Russia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the new Russia have to make a relation external world for economic development. The geostrategic importance and natural resources in Russia attracted constant interest of western countries. There are many difficulties in this country and hundreds of Korean and western companies already operate in Russia and their activities are more and more of a long-tenn character. So, the settlements of trade and understanding between Korea and Russia are very important. It includes effective methods of trade settlement, factors of successful negotiation, differences of trade customs and business environment.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.329-338
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• 2014

The paper chooses four trade competitiveness assessment indices to compare the international competitiveness of Computer and Information Service(C&IS) trade between South Korea, China and Japan. The results show that the competitiveness of China is the strongest, Japan secondary and Korea the weakest among the three countries. However, the competitiveness of Korea can be promoted the most quickly and it has exceeded Japan according to TC and NXRCA indices. Meanwhile, there was still a huge gap between the three countries and the two world strong countries-India and Ireland. The main findings of empirical research on influencing factors show that domestic market demand and trade opening degree are the two most important factors influencing the competitiveness of three-country C&IS trade. At the same time, improving the utilization of C&IS and realizing good interaction of C&IS trade and electronic information, communication and other relevant and auxiliary industries can also contribute to the competitiveness improvement.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.43-52
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• 2021

This study is the first to scrutinize how real effective exchange rate, together with the vehicle currency exchange rate, asymmetrically influences the total trade balance between ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) and the EU (European Union). This research employs quarterly data between 2000Q1 and 2018Q1, which is derived from several sources. We introduce a method for constructing the double-aggregated real effective exchange rate between ASEAN and the EU that captures the roles of all their currencies. Moreover, we propose the formula to compute vehicle currency exchange rate to assess the importance of vehicle currency in ASEAN-EU trade. Additionally, as asymmetrical impacts of exchange rate on trade balance are well documented by current studies, we employ Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model of Shin et al. (2014) to analyze the impacts of currency depreciation as well as appreciation in detail. The findings confirm the prominence of USD as vehicle currency in ASEAN-EU trade. Both depreciation and appreciation of ASEAN's currencies against USD can foster ASEAN's trade balance in the long run. Short-run asymmetrical impacts as well as J-curve effect are found in the vehicle currency models only. The results are robust for the cases of EU-28 and EU-27.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.628-646
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• 2010

본 연구는 다수의 사람과 상품이 반복적으로 국경을 넘어 왕래하는 한 중 소무역, 일명 보따리 무역을 대상으로, 소무역의 등장 배경 및 성장 과정에서 한 중 여객 항로의 역할을 설명하고, 소무역의 규모와 소무역상의 조직, 그리고 소무역상의 구성 등의 변화를 살펴봄으로써 한 중소무역의 내적 변화과정을 규명하고, 한 중소무역에서 거래 품목의 특성과수출입 과정 및 소무역 결절지의 특성을 고찰함으로써 한 중 소무역의 공간적 특성을 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구는 위와 같은 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해, 한 중 소무역과 해운사의 관계를 논의했고, 한 중 소무역의 내적 변화를 소무역에 대한 규제 강화를 중심으로 고찰했으며, 한 중 소무역을 설명하기 위해 1980년대 말부터 소무역이 폭발적으로 증가한 구소련 및 중 동부 유럽의 소무역 현상에 관해 논의했다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.202-218
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• 2015

Many countries have introduced new imported food safety measures, following the accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. This study was conducted to evaluate the measures contents and effects on food trades values. Eight percent of members were notified the introduced measures to the World Trade Organization. The measures' contents were banning imports, enhancing inspection and adding certification requirement. The covered regions were some prefectures, entire Japan or all affected countries. European Union introduced a measure that subjecting foods originating from 12 prefectures to import at designated ports with required certification. The measures were amended 8 times until March 2014 to apply listed foods from 15 prefectures. The trade value of fishery products and miscellaneous foods were affected. Australia introduced a measure that required additional inspection of dairy, fishery and plants products from 13 prefectures with subsequent amendments. The trade value had no effect in tested foods. Chinese Taipei introduced a temporary import ban for all foods from 6 prefectures. Trade values for fruits were affected. The United States issued an import alert for detention without examination for listed prefectures and goods without introducing new measures. Although no specific products were affected, trade values for all foods were affected.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권11호
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• pp.107-120
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• 2021

The development of the ethnic minorities and mountainous areas (EMMA) is currently receiving the attention of countries around the world. This is demonstrated through a large number of studies, in many respects, in many different countries. The objective of the study is to find out the current situation of the commodity market in the ethnic minorities and mountainous areas (EMMA) of Vietnam. In particular, the authors will study whether there is a link between the ability to access governmental policies and the characteristics of this commodity market. To achieve the goal, the authors employed the secondary data collection method to gather the relevant information on government policies for EMMA and conducted an interview of seventy (70) enterprises in the Northern midlands and mountainous regions and the Central Coast to clarify the characteristics of commodity market. By Levene's test, the results showed that the accessibility to governmental policies has a certain influence on the development of the commodity market patterns in the EMMA in terms of diversification of distribution forms and sales method of the business. These findings brought some basic solutions to further enhance the role of the government in developing commodity markets in the EMMA of Vietnam.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.607-616
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• 2021

The European Union Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) took effect on August 1 paving the way for increased trade between the EU and Vietnam; this marked a huge turning point for the Vietnamese economy. Agriculture products, especially fruits, must be listed when it comes to Vietnam export industries that profit the most from EVFTA. After a period of study, with the desire to contribute to the improvement in the efficiency of Vietnam's agricultural products to the EU, the researchers want to assess the impact of the EVFTA on the flows of Vietnamese fruits to the EU market. The study uses a quantitative analysis method via the WITS-SMART model with data on export turnover and tariff reductions in parallel with the analysis of changes in factors affecting the trade flows of fruits between the two markets when the EVFTA takes effect. As a result, Vietnam's fruit importing from the EU is expected to escalate by 29.18% in 2021, while the flow of export will only inch up by 0.955%, which is rather low compare to the increase in import value. Hence, effective policies must be introduced in Vietnam to innovate production methods and increase product quality, so that the EVFTA can be used to boost Vietnam's fruit exports to the EU.

• 동남아시아연구
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.81-126
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• 2014

Localization of overseas Korean companies has been regarded as one of vital tasks or strategies for decades. However, labor relations have not been the main object of Korean academic researchers. In this paper, I attempt to analyze strategies of localization in labor relations adopted by overseas Korean companies through a qualitative case study of PT. Miwon Indonesia, which has run business successfully for 40 years with recently achieved industrial peace. The company minimized Korean staffs and maximized Indonesian staffs. It pays more than minimum wage, and observes labor law when using outsourcing workers. The managers of the company recognize their labor union as management partner and support union activities through paying bonus for the union head and travel allowances for solidarity gatherings. There is no discrimination between plural unions. Furthermore, collective bargaining is led by indigenous managers according to the musyawarah, a local principle of bargaining. Therefore, PT. Miwon Indonesia could be regarded as a forerunner of localization in labor management among Korean companies in Indonesia. Miwon's case will serve a useful reference when discussing localization of labor management strategies.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.17-35
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• 2019

This paper analyzes the reality of Myanmar workers' consciousness and reports the results of exploratory empirical studies that examined the influence of workers' consciousness on organizational commitment. To accomplish the purpose of the study, we performed conceptual and empirical research and mainly focused on empirical research through questionnaires on 262 workers in the manufacturing industry in Myanmar. Results of this empirical study are summarized as follow. First, the consciousness of the labor union of Myanmar labors such as 'Necessity of Union', 'Necessity of Strong Union', 'Militant Ideology' and 'Democracy' was high. The wage fair consciousness, which is a core consciousness related to the working conditions, is high, and class consciousness and collectivism, which are corporate and social consciousness, are also high but the 'growth ideology' and 'competitiveness ideology' are low. Second, the younger generation, less than high school graduates, and Yangon's workers have highly consciousness increasing the instability of industrial relations. Third, consciousness factors which have significant influence on organizational commitment were labor-management cooperation consciousness (+), democracy (-), competitiveness ideology (+), class consciousness (-) and authoritarianism (+). Lastly, implications and limitations of this empirical study, and suggestions for future research are suggested.