• Journal of Service Research and Studies
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.67-78
• /
• 2017

This paper discusses the types and importance of service trade. The service trade, which has become increasingly important, is shaped by the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). However, the availability of trade data is still low. The service is expected to increase the value added of the manufacturing industry and to lead the trade enhancement effect beyond the current stagnant commodity trade. Such effects are also confirmed by studies using the OECD Service Trade Restriction Index. Korea's service trade is relatively low compared to commodities's, and some items are still in a chronic deficit. In order to overcome such a situation and develop the service industry, it may be considered to pursue active service opening around major industries. It is also possible to suggest a Korea Standard that mediates between developing and developed countries.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.235-253
• /
• 2010

The export is an important economic growth strategy in South Korea. South Korea is strongly dependant on external trades. Bilateral trade between China and South Korea has been grown rapidly in recent years. The China is now Korea's first-largest trading partner. Thus, the Korea-China Free Trade Agrement (FTA) in South Korea's trade operations is very important. A discussion of Korea-China bilateral FTA commenced in 2004 November. This paper is to recognize the phenomenon of major issued fields in the Korea-China FTA such as a manufacturing, agriculture, customs and seek a negotiation strategy that are summarized as follows. In terms of trade based on manufacturing, it is necessary to divide into a private, general reduction and priority reduction item to recognize whether it is complementary or competitive on the specific industry in the FTA negotiation by using an index regarding supplement and competition of these two countries. In particularly sensitive agricultural field, FTA should be progressed gradually after giving a certain period of time of grace period on the basis of various flexible tariff systems in order to minimize agriculture damage as a result of the rapid growth from import of Chinese agricultural goods.

• Korea Trade Review
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.177-191
• /
• 2021

Based on the existing OFDI (outward foreign direct investment) literature, this study endeavored to verify how the corruption of host countries affects the partner strategy of EMNEs (emerging multinational enterprises) when EMNEs enter global markets through joint ventures. Following the existing literature, this study classified corruption and partner strategies into two categories, respectively. First, the corruption of host country was divided into grand corruption and petty corruption. Second, EMNEs' joint venture partner strategy was divided into home country partner joint venture and host country (i.e., local) partner joint venture. Our hypothesis suggested that the greater the host country's grand corruption, the more EMNEs would choose the host country partner, while the strong petty corruption leads to the preference of home country partner in host country. The hypotheses were verified with a sample of 890 foreign direct investment cases of Chinese multinational companies from 2005 to 2015. As a result of the study, regardless of the degree of corruption, it was found that they prefer joint ventures with home country partners when EMNEs enter the global market through joint ventures.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.43-57
• /
• 2016

This study examined the relationship between determinant factors of FDI and management performance, and tested moderating effects by competitive strategy. Questionnaires were gathered from 113 respondents, but only 92 valid copies were analyzed through SPSS WIN 18.0. The major empirical results are as follows: In hypothesis 1, Firm-Special Advantage impacted on Management Performance strongly, Internal Advantage impacted on Management Performance strongly, and Locational Advantage impacted on Management Performance strongly. In Hypothesis 2, the moderating effects by competitive strategy on the relationship between determinant factors of FDI and management performance were tested through multiple regression. The result of the moderating effects by competitive strategy were found to be insignificant. Implications of the finding as well as the limitations of this study are also discussed.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.63-83
• /
• 2003

This paper's objective is to provide insights about the problems and expansion strategies of electronic trade. Korean small and medium-sized firms have adopted the Internet since the end of 1990s in order to reshape their competitiveness, and it is now being utilized as a major export marketing instrument to develop new customers, save export transaction costs ad facilitate new work processes. However, at present, the use of the internet in the field of trading is limited to the collection of market information, owing to legal, technical and institutional restraints between countries. In addition to that, because firms have the difficulties in making the trade contract through the e-trade system, the negative recognition on its' utility has been spreaded gradually between companies. This is one of the barriers to block the expansion of e-Trade between Korean firms. Therefore, this paper points out the problems of e-trade in the environmental, institutional and strategic view and provides many considerations for establishing the expansion strategy of e-trade by the Korean government and trade supporting institutions.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.139-162
• /
• 2005

The objective of this paper is to investigate important factors when one can consider an implementation of global e-trade. This paper in particular intends to derive which factors are significant at information strategic planning stage as well as its evaluation stage. Many works in the global e-trade area have been focusing on narrow research issues related to EDI implementation and trade process automation after trade contracts are legally made. Therefore, more complete and exclusive factors at pre-contract stage should be considered when one can make a strategic plan for global e-trade. Five factors are found to be important for global e-trade planning and those are: (1) corporate strategy, (2)trade process automation, (3)trade information technology & infrastructure, (4)organization & people, and (5)trade information technology utilization. An evaluation framework is developed in this paper and its empirical results are also provided.

• Smart Media Journal
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.52-58
• /
• 2020

The growing global energy demand has been the motivation for innovations for improved approaches on energy trade. The involvement of new energy market players known as prosumers have also enabled Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trade in microgrid communities. In this paper, a novel approach to energy trading based on Hive Strategy is proposed. The strategy aims to encourage prosumers to become workers that will meet the energy demands of consumers referred to as hives. The workers are selected based on their Prosumer Ratings (PR) and are ranked from the ones with the highest PR to the lowest. Using the PR, prosumers with the best energy consumption and generation behaviors are prioritized for energy trade. To test the proposed strategy, a simulation has conducted and the results show how the energy demand of the hive is met by the workers. Furthermore, an improvement in the pay-offs and PR of the workers are observed.

• International Area Studies Review
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.23-44
• /
• 2016

This study attempts to scrutinize the effectiveness of the international economic sanction on North Korea by analyzing the determinants of the North Korea-China trade with Chinese Customs House data classified under general, border, processing, bonded warehouse. The result shows that after international economic sanctions, North Korea-China trade was increased across types of trade. In particular, sanction-sensitive items were increased after sanctions and China also weakened the effectiveness of sanctions. To put it concretely, North Korea's food and fuel imports from china increased in processing and border trade. In the case of luxury good, it was increased in general trade. Strategy goods (weaponry) increased only in bonded warehouse trade. For China's import from North Korea, food and fuel were increased in total, border and bonded warehouse trade. Considering the features of each type of trade, these increase are presumed to have been playing a decisive role in weakening the effect of international sanction on North Korea.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.149-160
• /
• 2022

The article considers the peculiarities of developing a marketing strategy for the adaptation of small businesses to quarantine restrictions in the field of commercial entrepreneurship. The importance of reformatting the existing marketing strategy in connection with the change of key conditions of trade activity with the introduction of quarantine restrictions due to the covid19 virus epidemic is substantiated. Quarantine restrictions and the temporary introduction of lockdown in various countries around the world, including Ukraine, have not only caused a crisis for small businesses. But they became a shock therapy and accelerated the digitalization of retail. Trends in digitalization and development of digital infrastructure allow both to adapt the structures of commercial entrepreneurship to the current conditions, and set directions for development in the long run. Particular attention in the article is paid to changing the business model and automation of sales processes based on the introduction of vending. The preconditions and existing experience of vending in Ukraine are analyzed. An outline of the business model of the project for the sale of goods through vending machines has been developed.

• Journal of Korea Trade
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.159-175
• /
• 2023

Purpose - This paper empirically investigates the relationship between born global strategy and the accounting- and market- based financial performance of Korean firms. Further, this study identifies the characteristics of born global firms (BGs) in comparison with non-BG counterparts in terms of size, R&D, and liability. Design/methodology - Using a database of listed Korean SMEs in the manufacturing sector from 2010 to 2020, this study applies panel generalized least squares (GLS) estimation and logistic regression techniques. Findings - This study finds that BG strategy is negatively related to the firm's accounting-based financial performance, while it is positively related to the market-based financial performance. This study also finds that BGs have higher sales volume and more total assets compared to their non-BG counterparts. In addition, Korean BGs spend more on R&D, and at the same time have higher liability. Originality/value - BGs, by definition, are firms that are actively penetrating foreign markets from the early stages of their establishment. Previous studies of Korean BGs have tried to identify the determinants of BGs' rapid internationalization and their superior performance. However, most of these studies have utilized either qualitative case- or survey-based analyses with relatively limited numbers of observations. From a different perspective, this study provides more objective evidence by investigating how the BG strategy affects the financial and market performance of firms, and by characterizing BGs in terms of financial data.