• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.245-256
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• 2002

Measurement standards, as being widely recognized, is necessary for national economic development and advanced industrialization. Also measurement standards give reliability and fair trade to the producers and consumers. Macro-effect of measurement standards using estimation of cost function has four effects: 1) value-added causing effect, 2) effect of employment, 3) reduction effect transaction cost, 4) reduction effect defect rates. In this study, to investigate the impacts between specific and the other industries, we used I-O Table of Korea Bank. The relation between the value-added produced by original production factors and final use is determined through production level, and the relation can be investigated with production causing coefficient matrix. In this study, it was showed that the measurement standards investments including measurement only man power of industries were increased from 1995 rapidly. The establishment and maintenance of measurement standards contributes to reduce the defect rate of products in production process and improve the confidence of the product quality. The results from this study show that measurement technology contributes to improve quality, decrease defect rate, improve production process, develope new products, reduce prime cost and increase the consumer's confidence on the firms. Since these results indicate that measurement standards are very important in the point of their vast contribution, we hope our findings can contribute to encourage measurement activities in industries.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.5-8
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• 2015

In addition to the increased used for smart phones daily, various characteristics and problems for social commerce have been drawn attention recently, and also, have been analyzed by various impact factors which were given to the purchasing behaviors of consumers through social commerce. The study investigated consumers' use of social commerce based on SNS by using articles of Fair Trade Commission, Korea Consumer Agency and so on. As a result, cost reduction characteristics of social commerce, the impulse buy, and to understand in Review effect, latest mobile shopping growth of increases explosively, market by market conditions to move from offline to online, the social commerce it was found to have a significant impact on the time of the purchase of the consumer. In addition, the study has discussed the results of the significance and limitation. With those things, they can be a suggestion for future research. More than half of the consumers were satisfied with social commerce. The consumers made use of social commerce 1 or 2 times a month and when they were watching banner advertising. In detail, food and beverage tickets such as restaurants, café and bars occupied 35%, and they showed the highest. 'We-make-price', 'Ticket Monster' and 'Coupang' were used to investigate as representative social commerce companies.

• Current Industrial and Technological Trends in Aerospace
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.11-21
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• 2008

This paper focuses on finding the way of aerospace industry promotion in Korea compatible with fair trade system under international rules by considering and analysing the WTO subsidy rules and WTO dispute settlement cases. As for subsidy rules in WTO, the paper deals with two matters such as financial contribution and benefit and further studies provisions on the prohibited subsidies and actionable subsidies. And as for the dispute settlement matters, it reviews the Brazil-Canada case and the US-EC case on civil aircraft export subsidies. While aerospace industry in Korea is not yet internationally competitive still requiring government's continuous supports, it must not be in conflict with subsidy rules under WTO mechanism. This paper makes several suggestions to meet these conditions.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.159-175
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• 2007

Under U.S. Antidumping law, dumping occurs when 'subject merchandise' is imported into the United States and sold at less than 'fair value'. The administration of U.S. antidumping law is shared between the U.S. Department of Commerce(USDOC) and the U.S. International Trade Commission(USITC). USDOC's task is to determine whether imports are being dumped, and if so, to estimate the margin of dumping. In determining whether an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury, or the establishment of an industry in the United States is materially retarded, by reason of the subject imports, the USITC must first define the 'like product' and the 'domestic industry'. One of the crucial factors on antidumping measures is the interpretation's scope of the 'like product' and the 'domestic industry', leading the most controversial issues in U.S. antidumping law. The primary purpose of this paper is to examine the 'domestic industry' and 'like product' considering U.S. antidumping law. Most USITC's determinations regarding like product and industry as flexible conception have been supported by the U.S. Courts.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.32 no.9B
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• pp.589-597
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• 2007

In this paper, a WDM metro ring consisting of access nodes with $FT-FR^n$ (Fixed Transmitter - n Fixed Receivers) is considered. A trade-off exists between node throughput and transmission fairness because the access nodes share wavelength channels. In order to eliminate the transmission unfairness and to increase throughput, the p-persistent medium access control (MAC) protocol is proposed: each node uses an empty optical slot to transmit a packet and make it available with the extraction of a transferred packet at the source access node, called source-stripping. The local empty slot can be used to transfer a head-of-line packet in the local buffer with probability p or it is used for the next downstream nodes with 1-p. The proposed MAC protocol provides better node throughput than the non-persistent protocol and exhibits better fairness index than the 1-persistent protocol in WDM ring networks. In addition, numerical analysis shows that the proposed MAC protocol maximizes the node throughput under uniform traffic conditions. For more detailed results, we use the network simulation under Poisson and self-similar traffic. Furthermore, unpredictable traffic constructed by the combination of the former and the latter is also considered. The reasonable probability of the p-persistent protocol for a given architecture can be determined through simulation.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.859-871
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• 2014

This study investigated the effects that corporate social responsibility (CSR) had on the credibility and image of a food corporation by analyzing the purchasing intention and food purchases of consumers. This analysis was undertaken in an attempt to establish a marketing strategy that meets consumer demands, and the results showed that all CSR activities undertaken by the food corporation had a positive effect on the reliability and image of the corporation and on consumers' purchase intention. The results indicate that the ethical aspect of the CSR activities had the greatest effect while their charitable aspect had the least effect on the reliability and purchase intention of the customers regarding the food corporation. Thus, it appears that establishing of suitable ethical doctrines and guidelines for corporate management by food corporation is effective in emphasizing the ethical aspects of their policies through transparent management by means of fair trade.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.27-54
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• 2005

In the era of globalization firms must operate all useable resources into marketing activities to survive on the unlimited competition. However, firms face many kinds of disputes with counterparts because of aggressive marketing activities. There are two ways of solving these disputes : litigation and arbitration. As compared to litigation, arbitration is more popular because of such merits as the enforcement of arbitral award in foreign countries, the single trial system, the settlement by specialists, and the confidential proceedings. This paper examines trade firms' perception on the arbitration system and the effects of the advantages of arbitration and quality of arbitrators on the outcome of arbitration. The results show that the advantages of arbitration and quality of arbitrators influenced positively on the outcome of arbitration, but influenced negatively on the closed-door of arbitration procedures and a fair procedure of arbitrator. Though this paper has several limitations, this paper may contribute to figure out the relationship between arbitration merits and quality of arbitrator and outcomes as a first empirical paper and to suggest future research method and direction.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.79-103
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• 2014

In light of increasing international trade in recent years, international arbitration has been more widely used by international parties to resolve their conflicts. Thus, the need for reliable and effective enforcement of foreign arbitral awards has amplified. To facilitate the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, the New York Convention lists grounds for the refusal of recognition and enforcement in Article V. This paper examines prominent U.S. case law on Article V(1)(b), which is put in place to ensure that arbitration proceedings are conducted properly in accordance with due process requirements: proper notice to parties and an opportunity to a fundamentally fair hearing. This examination of case law conveys that U.S. courts refuse to enforce foreign arbitral awards pursuant to Article V(1)(b) only when due process rights of the party against whom the award is to be enforced are clearly violated by the arbitral tribunal. This paper also reveals that U.S. courts mainly defer to arbitral tribunals' discretion, especially as to evidentiary matters. Therefore, it is predicted that U.S. courts will likely continue to narrowly construe the grounds in Article V to facilitate reliable and effective enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in the U.S.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.5-16
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• 2019

Purpose - This study examines whether price cartel firms perform downward earnings management to avoid or minimize penalty surcharges levied by the Korea Fair Trade Commission and analyzes such earnings management in distribution industry. Research design, data, and methodology - We use 247 firms from 64 price cartel cases in the period of 2011-2016, and collect data from 3 years before to 3 years after the start of price cartel. Earnings management is measured by discretionary accruals. Three discretionary accrual estimation models are employed; modified Jones model, ROA adjusted modified Jones model and CFO-adjusted modified Jones model. For pre- and post-cartel periods, one year, two year, and three year windows are used. Additional empirical analyses are performed for distribution industry sub-sample of 25 cartel firms. Result - The regression results show that cartel firms' discretionary accruals are significantly lower in the period after the start of price cartel than before. And discretionary accruals are lower in cartel firms than in non-cartel firms during the cartel period. Cartel firms in distribution industry also show the earnings management similar to those in other industries. Conclusions - These two findings lead to the conjecture that managers of cartel firms manage their earnings downward. This behavior is indistinguishable between firms in distribution industry and other industries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1069-1084
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• 2011

This study investigates the main trend of LOHAS, examines and analyzes the LOHAS marketing cases of the fashion industry, and proposes an effective LOHAS marketing strategy for the domestic fashion market. Data were collected from Naver, Google and Daum from 2005 (when LOHAS began to be recognized) to October $31^{st}$ 2010. We searched the research material with keywords related to the research subject (such as eco, green, well being, echo-friendly, LOHAS, sustainable, environmental management, and green management) to conduct a theoretical and exploratory study through qualitative analysis. The data are analyzed with three types such as personal value of eco-friendly fabric, economical value of recycled fabric and re-use or re-form, and social-ethical value of distribution and promotion. The research results show that LOHAS marketing activities focused on personal values and social-ethical values (rather than economical value) and from an eco-friendly management centered on merchandise; in addition, an eco-friendly supply chain management incorporated with a management system were applied. LOHAS marketing strategies at home and abroad revealed some differences in the cases of eco-friendly fabric, recycling, and fair trade.