• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.34-44
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• 2019

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to present what the port of Pyeongtaek, the hub of Korean trade with China, should improve in the current situation, wherein the e-commerce trade volume between Korea and China is increasing due to the development of online technology. Design/methodology - In this study, through prior research and expert interviews on e-commerce and port activation between borders, we derived the main improvement factors for 1) Administration and Systems, 2) Facilities, 3) Transport, and 4) Manpower, and selected 12 detailed variables for the major improvement factors. To identify the relative importance of the major improvement factors, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was applied, and a survey was conducted among 15 related experts. Findings - As a result, among the 12 detailed variables, Composition of Association (0.267) was the first factor to be improved, followed by Incentive Support (0.143) and E-Commerce Cluster (0.131). Based on these analyses, the main implications of this study are, first, in the current situation where the cross-border e-commerce market is growing, Pyeongtaek Port needs to form a consultative body among the government, local governments, and related businesses in connection with cross-border e-commerce and develop various support policies for the e-commerce market. Second, it will have to be able to provide differentiated services from competing ports by establishing e-commerce market-oriented clusters. Originality/value - In existing related studies, various improvements were presented to revitalize trade in line with the growth of the cross-border e-commerce market. However, with regard to most cross-border e-commerce businesses, one-dimensional improvement measures, such as improvement of payment systems, improvement of customs clearance services, and promotion of human resources, are presented in a piecemeal manner. In other words, none of the studies have proposed the importance and priority of each measure in terms of both the forward-looking and efficient allocation of resources, which is the purpose of this study. Therefore, this study contributed politically, practically, and academically by presenting countermeasures for ports to revitalize cross-border e-commerce and presenting strategic priorities using quantitative analysis methods.

• 정보화연구
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.333-345
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• 2014

지식관리시스템은 조직 내 지식 자산을 효과적으로 관리하고 그 효용을 극대화하기 위해 도입하는 정보시스템이다. 엔지니어링 분야의 경우 해당 분야 전문가의 지식과 노하우에 절대적으로 의존하는 경우가 대부분이므로 지식관리시스템의 도입 효과가 매우 클 것으로 예상된다. 본 논문에서는 엔지니어링 분야에서 조직 내 지식을 효과적으로 관리하고 공유하기 위해 필요한 지식관리시스템의 분석 및 설계를 수행하였다. 건설 및 자동차 분야의 실무 전문가를 대상으로 수행한 조사를 통해 엔지니어링 지식관리시스템의 구축 수요와 구축 시 성공요인을 도출하였으며 이를 기반으로 분석 및 설계과정에 객체지향 접근방식을 도입하였다. 건설과 자동차 분야를 기준으로 엔지니어링 지식관리시스템의 사용자 요구사항 도출, 지식맵 설계, 시스템 설계 및 정보 흐름 분석을 수행하였으며 다양한 엔지니어링 분야에 적용 가능한 유연한 시스템 모형을 제안하였다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.1271-1276
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• 2018

2018년 3월 8일, 칠레 산티아고에서 베트남을 포함한 11개 국가들이 포괄적이고 점진적인 환태평양경제동반자 협정(CPTPP) 출범 합의에 서명하였다. CPTPP(Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership)는 2017년 1월 미국의 TPP 탈퇴 이후 남은 11개국(일본, 호주, 뉴질랜드, 캐나다, 멕시코 칠레, 페루, 싱가포르, 베트남, 말레이시아, 브루나이)이 참여하는 아시아-태평양 지역의 대규모 자유무역협정(FTA)이다. 기존의 TPP 보다 경제적 규모는 작아졌지만, CPTPP 11개국의 국내총생산(GDP) 규모는 전 세계 대비 12.9%, 교역량은 14.9%로 또 다른 메가 FTA가 탄생했다는데 의의가 있다. CPTPP는 기존 TPP의 큰 틀을 그대로 유지함으로써 TPP 합의 사항들이 거의 그대로 적용되지만, 지식재산권과 투자분쟁해결절차 등 일부 민감한 내용들은 적용이 유예 및 수정되었다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제39권
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• pp.143-175
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• 2008

The documentary letter of credit is the most preferred and frequently used method in International Payment System in Korea, as it has less possibility of occurring credit risks in export than any other payment system. That's because the exporter can get payment from the issuing bank(confirming bank) by delivering the goods and presenting documents following the required procedure under the letter of credit, as the payment is affirmed by the issuing bank(including the confirming bank in case of the confirmed letter of credit) regardless of the buyer's payment. However, the pattern of payment methods used in international trade of Korea is changing dramatically like the importance of the credit is decreasing continuously among the payment methods while the remittance is increasing. The increase of remittance has a positive aspect that International Payment System are changing into those of advanced countries, but the decrease of the credit also has a negative aspect that the exporter might have a greater credit risks. Therefore, we need a systematic device to deal with this. Exporters in Korea usually have used the export credit insurance to deal with the credit risks However, the export credit insurance also have a limitation as the policy finance due to the limitation based on the credit status of the business and the limitation of acceptance from the lack of financial resources of the government, etc. Korea, which is the 11th export power in the world, has a basic limitation to deal with the credit risks by depending on the export credit insurance only. So, in this thesis, I have studied on the international factoring, forfaiting, which are advanced export finances and widely used in advanced countries, as substitutes to deal with the credit risks. the international factoring is an trade financing in which a factor offers full services such as credit cover, offering prepayment, collection, account receivables, management, etc, instead of the exporter on the account receivables occurred by the exporter's delivering goods to the importer. This international factoring has a high possibility of using as a means to deal with the credit risks, because it offers prepayment without recourse. the forfaiting is another export financing in which a forfaiter purchases the draft, the promissory note and other negotiable instruments issued from the international trade, with fixed interest rate without recourse from the exporter or previous holder. By using this method, they can avoid foreign exchange risks, contingency risks as well as credit risks, as the conveyances like the promissory note, etc are issued with the note warranty so-called 'per aval' in business practice. These trade financing are good substitutes to deal with the credit risks in export, but they are not widely used in Korea. Though it can be explained with various reasons, the common reasons are the lack of understanding on the use of advanced export finance, the lack of experts to manage the advanced trade finance, the conservative way of thinking of domestic organizations related to trade financing, the lack of organizations supporting the trade financing, etc.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.249-260
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• 2020

본 논문은 한국과 이스라엘 사이에 체결하였던 자유무역협정(FTA)의 발효에 앞서 이스라엘에 대한 대외 교역과 산업들 그리고 한국과의 협력 관계들을 살펴보았다. 아울러 이를 보다 용이하게 확대 시킬 수 있는 여러 방안들을 고찰하였다. 이스라엘은 기초 소재 및 정보기술(IT) 분야 등에 높은 기술력을 보유하고 있다. 한국은 이스라엘에 자동차, 무선통신기 등을 주로 수출하고 있으며 이스라엘로부터 반도체 관련 장비와 항공 부품 등을 수입하고 있다. 더욱이 양국은 2019년 8월에 무역 협정을 체결하였고 이에 따라 향후 상호간 교역 확대를 기대하고 있다. 따라서 양국 간의 협력 기회를 증대하기 위하여 현재 한국이 필요한 기초 과학 및 스마트 모빌리티 등에 대한 상호 협업을 통해 기술을 이전하고 공동 개발을 보다 확대해야한다. 또한 이스라엘의 SOC 산업과 연관된 한국의 건설 및 자재 기업들의 현지 진출이 가속화되어야한다. 아울러 인큐베이팅 시스템을 확대하고 다양한 정보 공유와 지역 전문가 육성을 위해 국가 차원에서 많은 지원을 제공해야 한다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.45-71
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• 2006

The main objective of this study is to analyze problems of the Country of Origin Labeling(COOL) in small live fish(SLF) trade by applying the asymmetric information theory which is called ${\ulcorner}$Lemon Market Theory${\lrcorner}$. The purpose of importing SLF is to enhance fishing household income and import substitution effect as well. SLF importation is quite different in its nature from importing general fish and fish products for final/direct consumption. SLF are imported for the purpose of domestic aquaculture and naturalization where domestic production/supply of SLF is less than domestic demand for or such species are not native to Korean waters. Information asymmetric problems arise even in SLF trade as the same way in general goods and services. However, the information asymmetry issues in SLF trade are much more complex than non-living goods because SLF are traded in the live state. To alleviate such problems the Korean government initiated the general COOL scheme to imported SLF. However, many experts argues that such policy on SLF would not be appropriate because of SLF's very nature. Applying the lemon market theory, we can analyze how information discovery schemes are able to signal correct information to SLF trading parties and to result in more symmetric information in SLF trade markets. This research carried out a case study about small live eel(SLF) trade and its farming. The results showed that applying the COOL to small live eels just right upon coming into fish farms tends to increase substantially fish farmer's income and at the same time to lower unnecessary transaction costs. In particular, such transaction costs by imposing simply the general COOL on SLF may easily outweigh its benefits. For instance, to resolve the problems, the Korean ministry of agriculture and forestry(KMAF) has developed a quite different COOL rules from the general ones and has applied them to imported live cattle and medium/small livestocks. The KMAF's differentiated COOL policy on some imported livestocks may be a good case which can be applied to imported SLF. In addition to the differentiated COOL on SLF, Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and traceability system would play crucial complementary roles in alleviating information asymmetry problems in SLF trade. Advanced fisheries tend to strengthen their SPS system rather than to adopt the general comprehensive COOL schemes into imported SLF trades and domestic market exchanges.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.39-57
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• 2021

Purpose - This research uses ocean marine insurance (OMI) statistics, international emails, focus-group interviews, and surveys to fill the gap between the theory of behavioral insurance, particularly status quo bias (SQB), and the practice of OMI in Korea. The contractual forms of OMI, the oldest and most globalized form of commercial insurance, were developed in the UK as the Institute Cargo Clauses in 1906 and revised in 1963, 1982, and 2009. SQB has been academically explored, mostly in health insurance and the financial services sector, but never in OMI. Thanks to the availability of OMI statistics in Korea, we can conduct SQB research here for the first time in this field. Design/methodology - We show the existence of SQB in the OMI of Korea through Korean statistics between 2009 and 2018, email correspondence with experts in the UK, Germany, and Japan, focus-group interviews with Korean OMI underwriters, an in-depth interview with one underwriter, and a survey of 15 OMI insureds (company representatives). Findings - We find that Korean foreign traders rely on the old-type OMI contracts developed in 1963, whereas other industrialized countries use the newest type of OMI contract developed in 2009. With a simple loss ratio analysis during 2009-2018, we show that the behavior of insurers has little to do with rational profit maximization and is instead driven by irrational bias, as they forgo the more profitable contracts provided by the new clauses by keeping the old clauses. The consistent addiction to old types of contracts in the OMI market suggests strong SQB among Korean exporters, importers, bankers, or insurers, which we confirmed in our interviews and survey. Originality/value - This research has significant originality and academic value because it reports new findings with crucial implications for the development of efficient trade practices and policy. First, this research is based on actual statistics that have not been used in previous Korean research on OMI. Second, this research shows that all-risk OMI policies provide more value to insureds, in terms of coverage given premium, than partial coverage policies, which differs from arguments previously made in Korea. Third, this research reveals strong SQB in Korea, where foreign trade plays a pivotal role in economic growth. That bias could be attributable to uninformed traders, informed but idle insurers, or conservative bankers. Fourth, to further develop foreign trade, policy initiatives are needed to review the current practices of OMI contracts and move forward with the new contract forms. All of these findings and arguments are both new and important.

• 분석과 대안
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.31-69
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• 2018

This study examines the role of science in resolving trade disputes. After the Great East Japan Earthquake of 11 March 2011 that not only jeopardized the people of Japan, but also put the safety of an entire region at risk, the Republic of Korea (Korea) has imposed import bans as well as increased testing and certification requirements for radioactive material on Japanese food products. Japan has challenged these restrictions at the World Trade Organizations Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). This study aims to explain how international trade agreements and previous DSB rulings have dealt with different scientific viewpoints provided by confronting parties. In doing so, it will contrast the viewpoints espoused by Korean and Japanese representatives, and then analyzes the most similar case studies previously ruled on by the DSB, including the case of beef hormones and the case of genetically modified crops including biotech corn, both between the United States and the European Communities (EC). This study finds that science is largely subordinate to national interests in the case of state decision-making within the dispute settlement processes, and science has largely been relegated to a supportive role. Due to the ambiguity and lack of truly decisive decisions in the Appellate Body in science-based trade disputes, this study concludes that the Appellate Body avoids taking a firm scientific position in cases where science is still inconclusive in any capacity. Due to the panel's unwillingness to establish expert review boards as it has the power to do, instead favoring an individual-based system so that all viewpoints can be heard, it has also developed a system with its own unique weaknesses. Similar to any court of law in which each opposing party defends its own interests, each side brings whatever scientific evidence it can to defend its position, incentivizing them to disregard scientific conclusions unfavorable to their position. With so many questions that can arise, combined with the problems of evolving science, questions of risk, and social concerns in democratic society, it is no wonder that the panel views scientific information provided by the experts as secondary to the legal and procedural issues. Despite being ruled against the EC on legal issues in two previous cases, the EC essentially won both times because the panel did not address whether its science was correct or not. This failure to conclusively resolve a debate over whose science is more scientific enabled the EC to simply fix the procedural issues, while continuing to enforce trade restrictions based on their scientific evidence. Based on the analysis of the two cases of disputes, Korea may also find itself guilty of imposing an unwarranted moratorium on Japan's fish exports, only to subsequently pass new restrictions on labelling and certification requirements because Japan may have much scientific evidence at its disposal. However, Korea might be able to create enough uncertainty in the panel to force them to rule exclusively on the legal issues of the case. This will then equip Korea, like the EC in the past, with a way of working around the ruling, by changing whatever legal procedure they need to while maintaining some, if not most, of its restrictions when the panel fails to address its case on scientific grounds.

• 기술혁신연구
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.1-31
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• 2015

우리나라는 기술혁신을 통한 글로벌 기술경쟁력 제고를 위해 연구개발(R&D)에 대한 투자를 꾸준히 증대시켜왔다. 우리나라의 GDP 대비 연구개발투자 비중은 4.15%로 세계 1위 수준이며, 4년 연속 무역규모 1조 달러를 달성하였다. 그러나 이와 같은 노력에도 불구하고 국가 간 기술경쟁력을 가늠하는 중요한 척도인 기술무역수지는 OECD 국가들 가운데 최하위 수준이며 만성적인 적자를 기록하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 우리나라의 기술무역수지 개선방안을 강구하기 위한 연구를 수행하고자 하였다. 먼저, 기술무역에 대한 개념과 현황을 파악하였으며, 기술무역과 상품무역 간 비교를 통해 기술무역의 중요성을 검토하였다. 그동안 기술무역 관련 연구가 일부 수행되었지만, 기술무역에 있어 가장 중요한 역할을 담당하는 기업의 입장에서 기술무역에 대한 인식을 파악하기 위한 연구는 제대로 수행되지 못하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 기술무역 실적 보유 기업과 미보유 기업을 구분하고 기업의 실제적인 인식 및 실태를 파악하기 위한 설문조사를 수행하였다. 설문조사 결과, 기술무역 실적 보유기업과 미보유 기업 간에는 최고의사결정권자의 인지도 측면에서 큰 차이를 보였으며, 기술무역 전담부서와 전담직원의 부족이 매우 심각함을 파악할 수 있었다. 또한 기술무역 관련 교육의 필요성을 절실히 느끼고 있음에도 불구하고 이에 대한 교육 이수 경험은 불과 10%에도 미치지 못하는 것으로 조사되었다. 아울러 본 연구에서는 선행연구에 대한 심도 있는 고찰 및 산업계 실태조사 등을 토대로 기술무역 통계조사 방법론 개선, 사회적 인식 제고, 기술수출 활동 유인을 위한 정부의 정책적 지원, 기술무역 관련 인프라 구축 및 전문인력 양성을 위한 교육과정 개설 등의 개선방안을 제시하였다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.127-131
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• 2020

In today's financial industry, Fintech (financial technology) has showed its role of an innovation-driving area, which can bring outstanding changes to the traditional financial market. This article will briefly introduce Fintech as well as its development in Vietnam. Besides, the research also provided a survey on experts' opinions on the challenges to the promotion of Fintech application for the modernization of the banking-finance system in Vietnam. The survey results of 40 experts in banking with knowledge of Fintech identify five challenges faced by Fintech companies in Vietnam: (1) legal corridor; (2) infrastructure; (3) Fintech companies; (4) customers; and (5) human resources. From these five challenges/barriers, there are 14 detailed aspects. The results of the expert survey using descriptive statistics show that all five factors are assessed to be low and need to be better addressed in the future. The authors suggest several solutions for further development of Fintech to support the modernization of the banking-finance system in Vietnam: (1) quickly complete the regulatory framework; (2) introduce policies on tax exemption; (3) promote research and application of the benefits of block-chain technology; (4) utilize the abilities of the human resources; and (5) actively promote and popularize knowledge about Fintech.