• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.674-682
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• 1988

Total lipids from the roe, muscle and viscus of L. carinata were analyzed for lipid composition by column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. The roe lipids were characterized by a high level of wax esters (63.1%) and a low proportion of trigiycerides (9.9%). The viscus lipids also contained wax esters (32.8%) as its main component, followed by free fatty alcohols and acids (23.5%). On the other hand, the muscle lipids were found to contain a large amount of triglycerides (66.1%) with a trace of wax esters. The main fatty alcohol component of roe and viscus wax esters was C16:0 alcohol (53.0%; 61.7%), accompanied by C18:1 alcohol (10.2%) in the former and by C15:0 alcohol (8.8%) in the latter. Considerable amounts of odd-numbered fatty alcohols were found in both wax esters. On the other hand, the fatty acids of the roe and viscus wax esters contained a high percentage of monounsaturated (49.7%-56.6%) consisting of C16:1, C18:1 and C17:1 acid, and a significant amount of polyunsaturated (41.2%-32.9%), particularly C20:5${\omega}$3. The fatty acid components of triglycerides and phospholipids were different among the tissues tested, especially between roe and muscle or viscus. The fatty acid compositions of free fatty acids from the muscle and viscus were characterized by a higher level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (46.0-34.3%) compared to those of triglycerides 'in the roe, muscle and viscus (28.4%, 19.4% and 19.2%).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 1979

Rice seeds, suweon 264, were germinated under 5 levels of toxic heavy metals, Cd(0, 0.05, 0.5, 5, 20ppm), Cu(0, 0.05, 0.5, 5, 20, ppm), Cr(0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10ppm), Ni(0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10ppm), Co(0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10ppm), Zn(0, 0.5, 5, 20, 40, ppm), Pb(0, 0.5, 5, 20, 40ppm) and Mn(0, 1, 10, 25, 50, ppm) in culture solution, and then grown with supplying culture solution contained respective concentrations. Germination and growth response to the toxic heavy metals were studied. Results obtained are as follows : 1) The germination injury of rice seeds by excess concentration of toxic heave metal in culture solution occured in Cd and Cu; below 0.05 ppm, Ni; below 0.5 ppm, Mn; below 1.0 ppm, Co and Cr; 0.5-1.0 ppm, and 0.5-5 ppm, Zn and Pb. Thereby, in the order of degrees of the elements toxicity to germination, they were arranged as follows : Cd>Cu>Ni>Co>Cr>Mn>Zn$$\geq_-$$Pb. 2) Toxic heavy metal concentrations in culture solution, which result in decreasing dry weight due to the injury of excess concentration of treated elements, were Cd: below 0.05 ppm, Ni, Cr and Co; below 0.5 ppm, Cu and Zn; 0.5-5 ppm, Pb; 5-20 ppm and Mn; 10-25 ppm. The order was Ni>Cd>Cr>Co>Cu$$\geq_-$$Zn>Pb>Mn. 3) The critical contents of Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Co in dry matter, Which result in decreasing dry weight, were considered to be 0.05-15.5, 1.50-25.0, 24.0-28.0, 26.5-62.5, 470-645.0, 231.0-500.0 and below 15.0 ppm, respectively. 4) The contents of Cr, Co, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu and Zn in dry matter by 0.5 ppm treatment concentration of each heavy metals was trace, 15.0, 17.5, 24.0, 25.0, 84.5 and 470.0 ppm, respectively. Thereby, in the order of each element to uptaked by rice seedlings, they were arranged as follow; Zn>Cu>Ni>Pb>Cd>Co>Cr. 5) The hazardous concentrations of root activity by toxic heavy metals in culture solution were Cd; below 0.05, Cu; 0.05-0.5, Cr; below 0.5, Ni; 0.5-1.0, Co; 0.5-1.0, Zn; above 0.5, Pb; 0.5-5.0 and Mn; 1.0-10.0 ppm. The hazardous degree of root activity by toxic heave metals was in the order of Cd>Cu>Cr>Zn>Ni>Co>Pb>Mn.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.353-357
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• 2017

In this study, the inclusion phenomena of tetrahydrofuran + 3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran + $CH_4$ clathrate hydrates were explored via thermodynamic and spectroscopic approaches. The phase equilibria of the double hydrates - THF + $CH_4$ and 3-OH THF + $CH_4$ clathrate hydrates - were determined by pressure-temperature trace during hydrate formation and dissociation, and the result revealed that the equilibrium pressures were shifted to lower pressure region compared to pure $CH_4$ hydrate. The powder X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the double hydrates of THF + 3-OH THF formed structure II type clathrate hydrates with $CH_4$. The dispersive Raman spectra of the double clathrate hydrates also exhibited that $CH_4$ can be trapped in both $5^{12}6^4$ and $5^{12}$ cages whereas THF and 3-OH THF were encaged in $5^{12}6^4$ cage.