• 환경정책연구
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.113-137
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• 2004

The objective of this study is to introduce the definitions and classification methods of wastes in international agreements and legislations, examine the concept of wastes and their classification systems in Korea, and finally analyze and compare the concept of wastes in different countries for finding better solutions and suggestions. The study summarizes the concept of wastes as introduced in the Basel Convention, OECD, EU, US, and UK. First, each of the member countries adapt to the same concepts of wastes as defined in their international agreements; second, the intention of the wastes holder and the conditions of the wastes are considered at the same time when defining the concepts. Upon close examination of the classification of wastes systems as introduced in the Basel Convention, OECD, EU, US, and UK, the wastes are classified into toxic and non-toxic wastes according to the existence of poisonous substances. Therefore, it is classified as a toxic waste when any toxic substance on its list is included in the waste, while others are considered as a non-toxic waste if they don't contain poisonous substances. Secondly, in the UK, the matter of toxic or non-toxic wastes are classified, not according to the existence of the poisonous substances, but based on the generation of sources. In Korea, the concepts of wastes are divided into the two categories - a concept as defined in actual legislations and a concept in its translation. The Korean classification of the wastes include Wastes Management Act, amended in 1995, which stipulates that toxic substances should be managed in a special way as the designated wastes. It appears that the Act utilizes the classification method that classifies the wastes according to the existence of poisonous substance. Korea's concepts of wastes should be changed after recognition of the concepts in international agreement (Basel Convention, EU) and other foreign laws(US, UK) that consider subjective and objective standards at the same time when they define the concepts. Also, the development of technology in recycling and reuse of the wastes can remove the current absolute notion of the wastes so that it also should not be passed over. Also, because a classification structure of wastes has a close relationship with a disposal structure, its classification system should be fixed gradually to come up with the development of wastes disposal technology and its policy.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.40-49
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• 2023

Objectives: The handling of carcinogenic, mutagenic or reproductive toxic (CMR) materials in paint-related products used by automobile maintenance companies in Busan was investigated and its characteristics were analyzed. Methods: MSDS for paint-related chemical products used by automobile repair companies in Busan were collected and the manufacturers, product uses, names of chemical substances in each component, CAS numbers, content, and more were listed. Results: As a result of collecting MSDS on 4,800 kinds of products handled in the painting process of automobile repair companies in Busan and comparing them with the latest toxic information database, 60 out of a total of 438 substances were found as CMR materials. Seven carcinogens (1A), including quartz, benzene, formaldehyde, and hexavalent chromium, were present. Two reproductive toxic 1A substances were included: hexavalent chromium in paint pigments and lead. Conclusions: Most of the products (95.5%) were found to contain at least of one CMR component, so it was judged that a study on exposure assessment of CMR substances by automobile maintenance workers is needed in the future.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한예방의학회 1994년도 교수 연수회(환경)
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• pp.405-411
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• 1994

Hazardous wastes released into the general environment are of concern to the public and to public health authorities. In response to this concern, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, as amended (commonly called Superfund), was enacted in 1980 to provide a framework for environmental, public health, and legal actions concerning uncontrolled releases of hazardous substances. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) was created by Superfund to address the public health issues of hazardous wastes in the community environment. Two key Agency programs, Public Health Assessments and Toxicological Profiles, are designed to assess the risk to human health of exposures to hazardous substances that migrate from waste sites or through emergency releases (e.g., chemical spills). The Agency's public health assessment is a structured process that permits ATSDR to identify which waste sites or other point sources require traditional public health actions (e.g.. human exposure studies, health studies, registries, health surveillance, health advisories). The ATSDR qualitative public health assessment complements the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's quantitative risk assessment. For Superfund purposes, both assessments are sitespecific. ATSDR's toxicological profiles are prepared for priority hazardous substances found most frequently at Superfund sites. Each profile presents the current toxicologic and human health effects information about the substance being profiled. Each profile also contains Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs), a type of risk assessment value. This paper covers ATSDR's experience in conducting public health assessments and developing MRLs, and it relates this experience to recommendations on how to improve chemical risk assessments.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.255-271
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• 2011

ACE-Asia (Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment) in spring 2001 was a turning point to trigger international research interest on Asian dust (AD). This basically arose from the lack of research on AD, the important natural phenomenon to characterize the Northeast Asia. In contrast, health risk related to AD has been the primary concern in Korea. Although due in part to severe AD events of 2001~2002, research and mitigation measures on AD in Korea are typically based on the assumption that AD events are increasing in frequency and severity. However, contrary to the trend in Korea, the number of AD days and emission amounts of AD in China have decreased since 1980s. This paper reviews the impacts of AD on ambient air quality and variations in toxic substances during the AD event, reflecting the concern in Korea. While a great amount of dust particles flow into Korea during the AD event, a considerable amount of dust particles are locally generated as well. Since dust particles are mixed with toxic substances as they pass over polluted areas, the levels of toxic substances become lower in dust particles that do not pass over polluted areas. Broadening the research scope on AD is warranted to understand the AD as an important natural phenomenon, irrespective of its associated health risk.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.483-491
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• 2013

Objectives: Electronic cigarettes are battery powered devices that convert a nicotine-containing liquid into an inhalable vapor. The device aerosolizes nicotine so that it is readily entrained into the respiratory tract, from where it enters the bloodstream. Information on the safety of E-cigarettes is required. Methods: Seventeen articles on studies analyzing toxic substances in the liquid and gas phases of electronic cigarettes were reviewed. Results: Tobacco-specific nitrosamines, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, known to be carcinogenic agents in humans or animals, were detected in the liquid and gas phases. In addition, diethyl phthalate, acetone, ethanol, cresol, xylene, propylene, styrene, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, pentaethylene glycol cis-3-hexen-1-ol, methyl cinnamate and undecane were identified in the liquid and gas phases of E-cigarettes. Propylene glycol, glycerin, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-hydroxy-2- propanone, acetic acid, 1-menthone, 2,3-butanediol, menthol, carvone, maple lactone, benzyl alcohol, 2-methyl-2-pentanoic acid, ethyl mantel, ethyl cinnamate, myosamine, benzoic acid, 2,3-bipyridine, cotinine, hexadecanoic acid, and 1'1-oxybis-2-propanol were detected in the vapors of E-cigarettes. Conclusion: The hazardous compounds identified in the liquid and gas phases of E-cigarettes should be controlled for the lowest concentrations in the raw materials and production procedures.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.643-672
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• 2006

본 연구는 한국의 산업별 독성물질 배출량을 이용하여 산업별 인체유해도를 측정한 것이다. 분석에 이용된 자료는 146종의 인체유해화학물질 배출량과 2000년도 산업연관표이다. 분석결과, 총배출 강도가 높은 산업의 순위는 목재나무제품펄프종이(1.1632) >유기화학기초제품(0.9750) >기타화학제품(0.9620) >플라스틱제품(0.3804) >합성수지 및 합성고무(0.3412) >선박 및 기타 수송장비(0.3275) 등이다. 또한 인체발암지수는 산업 전체가 $11.86198{\times}10^3$(이미지참조)이며, 산업 평균이 $0.26360{\times}10^3$(이미지참조)으로 계산되었다. 인체유해도가 높은 산업의 순위를 보면, 자동차 및 부문품(7.85033) >선철 및 강반성품(4.57409) >철강 1차 제품(4.36668) >선박 및 기타 수송장비(3.43293) >무기화학기초제품(2.64379) 등이다. 총배출강도나 인체유해도 등은 인체유해 화학물질 감축을 위한 수요 및 산업 정책을 전개할 때, 규제산업의 우선순위를 결정하는 근거가 될 수 있다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권11호
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• pp.1541-1546
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• 2015

The objective of this research was to evaluate the toxicity of the industial xenobiotic Aroclor 1248 (A) and natural origin substances~elemental sulfur (S80) and oleic acid (OA) and their binary mixtures to V. fischeri bioluminescence during the prolonged exposure time (up to 60 min). The bioluminescence quenching test was used to determine the toxic effects. Full factorial experiment design and multiple regression analysis and the comparison of binary mixture effect with the sum of effects of individual chemicals were used for the evaluation of combined effects of toxicants. The analysis of general trend of mixture toxicity to bioluminescence showed that mixture toxic effects were reversible up to 60 min. Data analysis revealed different joint effects, which were depended on mixture composition. S80 enhanced toxic effect of A and acted additively with synergistic interaction. Hydrophobic OA in mixture with A acted antagonistically and in mixture with sulfur caused an additive effect with antagonistic component of interaction. It was concluded that low concentrations of natural toxic substances present in environmental samples as mixtures of chemicals can define the toxicodynamic character of industrial xenobiotics.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.22-31
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• 2020

There has been a growing concern and subsequent interest surrounding numerous reproductive toxic agents found in various working and non-working environments. Meanwhile, there have been many efforts in medical fields such as toxicology and epidemiology applying experimental studies to elucidate reproductive toxic agents' characterization and health effects. However, there remains insufficient research data and inadequate evidence in humans. Adverse reproductive outcomes vary from transient, moderate health effects to severely detrimental consequences, such as permanent infertility or childhood cancer of one's offspring. Furthermore, upon exposure to toxic agents, the latent period before reproductive health effects are observed is relatively short compared to other occupational diseases (e.g., occupational cancer); instant action is required once exposure to reproductive toxic agents is detected. Therefore, it is very important for workers and healthcare professionals to know about the reproductive toxic agents they are likely to be exposed to. In this review, we discuss the general epidemiology of reproductive health in Korea, and the information regarding these reproductive toxic agents.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.101-112
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 한국의 제품 안전관리를 위한 시나리오 기반의 리스크 평가기법을 개발, 제시한다. 이를 위해 먼저 한국의 제품 안전관리를 위한 관련 규제정책을 살펴보고, 이 법의 시행을 위해 필요한 제품 리스크 평가기법을 일반상해의 경우와 유해물질의 경우로 구분하여 제시한다. 본 연구에서 제시되는 리스크 평가기법의 특징은 다음과 같다. (i) 제품의 사용 시 발생할 수 있는 부상 시나리오에 기반을 둔 방법이다. (ii) 시나리오 발생 확률과 인체에 미치는 부상 심각도를 바탕으로 리스크를 평가한다. (iii) 유해물질 함유 제품의 경우 유해물질의 인체에의 위해성 여부를 확인한 후 부상 심각도를 고려해서 리스크를 평가한다. 부상 시나리오의 확률을 결정하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 시나리오를 몇 가지 구성 요인으로 분해하고 이들 각각의 요인 확률을 추정하여 전체 시나리오의 확률을 결정한다. 본 연구에서 제시된 기법을 통하여 리스크 평가를 수행한 결과를 제시하고 이를 제품 안전관리를 위한 품목 분류에 활용할 수 있음을 보인다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.89-94
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• 1994

Two methods, the numerical method of CPQRA and the manual method of IAEA, were used to estimate the effect distance from release and dispersion of toxic materials. The Gaussian plume model which has a weather stability class D with wind velocity of 5m/s was applied to calculate dispersion of toxic materials. Also, probit function were employed to evaluate the human fatality as a result of exposure to toxic gases. Furthermore, concentration of toxic materials corresponding to LC$_{50}$ for 30 min could be determined by setting Pr as 5.0 and solving the probit function. Calculations were conducted by employing chlorine and ammonia as toxic materials because they are not only most commonly used In chemical plants but also very harmful to humans. Calculated results by employing toxic materials indicated that the effect distance from the CPQRA method was between the minimum and maximum distance from the method proposed by IAEA.A.