• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.307-313
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• 2011

To examine the effects of Euglena rubra (E. rubra) feeding on Nile tiapia, Oreochromis niloticus were fed diets containing dried powder of E. rubra at 0.5 or 2% for 4 weeks. Growth, selected hematological and non-specific immune parameters were assessed at 2 and 4 weeks. There were no significant changes in body weigh gain and erythrocyte levels. However a significant and diet E. rubra level-related decrease in leukocyte level was noted. Significant increases were observed in respiratory burst activity (nitroblue tetrazolium reduction) and lysozyme activities following E. rubra feeding. These results indicate that E. rubra could be beneficial to fish, but excess feeding could toxic.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.234-238
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• 1998

To select new germplasm for salinity tolerance from new plant type (NPT) breeding lines, the sixty F$_4$ lines selected from the crosses between Korean cultivars and IRRI's NPT lines were evaluated for salinity tolerance at the seedling stage with salinized culture solution (EC=12 dS/m) in the controlled conditions. Two NTP lines derived from a cross between 'Ilmibyeo' and 'IR66152-AC5-1', 'HR15258-7-1' and 'HR15258-27-1', were found to have good tolerance. The salinity tolerance of the lines was compared to their parents and the sensitive ('IR29') and tolerant ('Pokkali') checks in three salinity levels, no salinity (control) and an EC of 12 and 16 dS/m. Visual salinity score, shoot Na+ and Na-K ratio in two NPT lines was significantly low compared with the parents and IR29. Indicating that salinity tolerance of the lines might be derived from a transgressive segregation. The relative water content of the lines was higher than Pokkali, and the dry weight of shoot and root was proportionally decreased to salinity score and salinizing concentration. The visual salinity scores were significantly correlated with shoot Na concentration, Na-K ratio, relative water content, and reduction of dry weight (P<0.01). Their tolerance was attributed to root and shoot characteristics that led to high shoot water content, thus diluting the toxic effect of salts.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 1995

DA-125, a new anthracycline antitumor antibiotic, was administered at dose levels of 0, 0.04, 0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg/day intravenously to pregnant and subsequently delivered Sprague-Dawley rats from day 17 of gestation to day 21 of lactation. Effects of test agent on general toxicity of dams and growth, behaviour and mating performance of F1 offspring were examined. At 1 mg/kg, one out of the twentytwo dams showed difficult delivery, characterized by a stillbirth. Reduction in body weight, loss in food intake, and decrease in spleen weight were also observed in dams. In addition, the lower rates of successful performances in memory test (28.6%) and necrosis of tail end (9.5%) were seen in F1 offspring. At 0.04 and 0.2 mg/kg, no toxic effect on dams and F1 offspring was observed. There were no malformed Fl and F2 fetuses in all groups. The results indicate that the no effect dose levels(NOELs) of DA-125 are 0.2 mg/kg/day for dams and Fl offspring, and over 1 mg/kg/day for F2 fetuses.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.157-172
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• 1992

Studies were conducted to evaluate the differential al tolerance of suwon 205 and olmil wheats grown is nutrient solution and determine the impact of NH4+-N or Ca2+ nutrition of the response of the two wheat vareties to al. In various concentrations of al, olmil induced lower ph levels than suwon 205 in nutrient solutions and the reduction of root length and dry weight was greater in olmil than in suwon 205. The uptake of al was greater in root than in shoot of the two wheat varieties, but more increased in root of olimil. also the uptake of ca, mg, k and p was inhibited by al especialy decrease of ca and p uptake in roots of olmil was more pronounced than in those of suwon 205. In nutrient solutions that contained NH4+-N plus 9ppm al, the ability of both varienties to raise the ph was reduced as the level of NH4+-N in nutrient solutions was increased, and al-sensitive olimil induced lower ph than did al-tolerant suwon 205. al toxicity was intensified by increasing the concentration of NH4+-N in nurient and toxic effect was greater in olmil. al toxicity in the two wheat varieties was steadily increased as the ca level of nutrient solution was reduced, sepecialy this effect was stronger in al-sensitive olmil than in al-tolerant suwon 205.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 2002

CJ-10882, (E)-[(3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)methylene]hydrazine-carboxamide, is a newly developed type IV phosphodiesterase isozyme (PDE IV) inhibitor. To investigate the subacute toxic effects of CJ-10882, it was administered to both male and female dogs at 0, 25, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg/day orally for up to 2 weeks. During the test period, clinical signs, mortality, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross finding, organ weight, and histopathology were evacuated. Several clinical signs were observed in treated dogs at above 25 mg/kg, including salivation and vomiting. A reduction in the body weight was observed in both sexes at above 50 mg/kg. There were no treatment-related effects on mortality, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology, sect biochemistry, necropsy findings, and histopathology in any treatment group. The results of this study demonstrate that CJ-10882, a selective Inhibitor of the type IV class of PDE, may cause effects on gastrointestinal tract and salivary glands. Therefore, these organs should be closely examined in studies with other PDE IV inhibitors.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.171-177
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• 2008

In this study, we investigated the induced defense response and protective effects against Stemphylium vesicarium by application of benzothiadiazole ($Bion^{(R)}$) and di-potassium phosphate salt $(K_2HPO_4)$ to onion. Onion leaves were sprayed with $Bion^{(R)}$ and $K_2HPO_4$, then inoculated 2 days later with a virulent strain of S. vesicarium under greenhouse conditions. Disease severity and activities of peroxidase (PO), polyphenoloxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and phenol contents were evaluated in the treated leaf tissues. Reduction in the disease severity was observed in plants treated with $Bion^{(R)}$ and $K_2HPO_4$. Onion plants treated with $Bion^{(R)}$ and $K_2HPO_4$ and inoculated with the pathogen showed significantly higher PAL activity, PO activity, and phenol contents than inoculated water-treated plants 2 days after the treatment. In conclusion, the results of this study provide evidence that application of simple non-toxic chemical solutions as di-potassium phosphate and $Bion^{(R)}$ can control Stemphylium leaf blight of onion.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2007

Hexane extract of Porteresia coarctata (Roxb.) exhibits a toxic effect on the tissues of Spodoptera litura (F) while fed at the dose of 1000 and 2000 ppm thoroughly mixing with castor leaves (Ricinus communis L) after dissolving in DMSO at late fourth instar whereas only DMSO treated castor leaves were fed to control group. The larvae were put to rear at $28^{\circ}C{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $76{\pm}4%$ R.H. under 12 L + 12 D photoperiodic regime. In test group insects substantial reduction of protein and DNA content was marked in fat body and midgut tissues compared to DMSO treated control group. The significant biochemical alterations in the midgut tissues and fat body of test group insects indicate the insecticidal property of the said plant extract that could be tested in facilitating the phenomenal stride in Integrated Pest Management.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of pre-aeration on sludge solubilization and the behaviors of nitrogen, dissolved sulfide, sulfate, and siloxane. The results of this study showed that soluble chemical oxygen demand in sewage sludge could be increased through pre-aeration. The pre-aeration process resulted in a higher methane yield compared to the anaerobic condition (blank). The pre-aeration of sewage sludge, therefore, was shown to be an effective method for enhancing the digestibility of the sewage sludge. In addition, this result confirms that the pre-aeration of sewage sludge prior to its anaerobic digestion accelerates the growth of methanogenic bacteria. Removal rates for $NH_3$-N and T-N increased simultaneously during pre-aeration, indicating simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. The siloxane concentration in sewage sludge decreased by 40% after 96 hr of pre-aeration; in contrast, the sulfide concentration in sewage sludge did not change. Therefore, pre-aeration can be employed as an efficient treatment option to achieve higher methane yield and lower siloxane concentration in sewage sludge. In addition, reduction of nitrogen loading by pre-aeration can reduce operating costs to achieve better effluent water quality in wastewater treatment plant and benefit the anaerobic process by minimizing the toxic effect of ammonia.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.2306-2310
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• 2010

Corrosion is a complex series of oxidation/reduction reactions between at the water-metal surfaces and materials in which the water is stored or transported. With respect to the corrosion potential of drinking water, the primary concerns include the potential presence of toxic metals, such as lead and copper; deterioration and damage to the household plumbing, and aesthetic problems such as stained laundry, and bitter taste. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of corrosion inhibitors on corrosion rates, Fe and Cu release concentration in water distribution pipes. Decrease of corrosion rates were strongly related to phosphate corrosion inhibitors. Considering that typical corrosion processes consists of a series of electrochemical reaction at the metal surface in contact with water, corrosion rates were positively correlated with Fe release.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.170-174
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• 2006

Methylene blue is a basic thiazine dye frequently used for histologic staining. In clinical toxicology settings, it is also used to treat clinically significant methemoglobinemia. It has dose-dependent oxidation or reduction properties, acting as a reducing agent at lower doses and as an oxidizing agent at higher doses. Hemolytic anemia and hyperbilirubinemia are known toxic effects of methylene blue treatment that have been reported clinically. A 42-year-old woman developed significant methemoglobinemia after acute dapsone overdose; she was treated appropriately with intravenous methylene blue in the therapeutic range. The patient's methemoglobin levels returned to normal. However, 2-4 days later she was noted to have rebound methemoglobinemia, hemolytic anemia, and hyperbilirubinemia. A repeat of Coomb's test and other anemia workups were negative. For management of methylene blue-induced hemolytic anemia, she was administered steroid therapy, N-acetylcysteine, and a blood transfusion. She ultimately recovered, and there were no long-term sequelae from the methylene blue poisoning.