• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.2 no.1_2
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• pp.43-53
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• 1987

Among the environmental toxic metals, cadmium and lead compounds are very hazard for human health because these may affect the biological function of human body and furthermore enhance the cause of various disease. In recent years, as the view of environmental toxicology, the combination of toxic metals suffering human health is especially significant cadmium chloride (10 mg/kg P. 0., 1 mg/kg I.P.) and lead acetate (20 mg/kg P.O., 2 mg/kg I.P.) were administered to rats for 4 weeks on alternate days and then examined the effect of these on body weight, tissue weight and also biochemical function in blood and tissue were investigated and comparision of the two experimental groups such as single and combined administration. According to the results of this experiment, accumulation of heavy metals increased and biological metabolic function grew worse but, in tissue, toxic effect decreased by combined administration and intraperitoneal administration was more toxic than per OS.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17
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• pp.37-39
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• 2001

As the preliminary data collection for further chemical risk assessment. toxicants rating works is now rather extensively implemented in China. It consists of two parts, ie., rating of the hazard level of the exposed toxicant and that of the toxicant's profession. In the first part, the rating are based on six criteria, ie., acute toxicity, incidence of acute poisoning, prevalence of chronic poisoning, consequence of chronic poisoning, carcinogenecity and MAC level. Four hazardous levels are to be classified as extreme, high, medium, mild. In the second part. three determinants as weighted coefficients are taken into account, ie., toxicant's hazard level. exposure time and folds of MAC surpassing. Eventually, the index of classification C by which the work with toxic hazard can be classified is able to be calculated and assessed. Several comments were discussed and new recommendations were demonstrated.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2001

Legal permissible limit of herbal drugs metal level in Korea is define 'less 30.0ppm in total(except mineral drugs)' including Pb Hg Cd As Cr Ni etc. This limit has a lot of problems in several factors, that is, not divide hazard and essential elements, not consider high and low toxic effect in each metal, not calculate dose-response relationship and average health behavior in Korean etc. As a that result, It has strong limits and weakness in the basic toxicology and Oriental medicine. To improve and correct these factors, We need to several new approach as like below. It must be radical study following problems in short and middle-long period in the future, toxic metal and essential element must be divide to basic toxicology and also be diverse toxic effect. But mineral drugs that included a amount of severe toxic metals is being used as active prescription drug until now. If toxic, safety and side-effect of metals will be considered, mineral drugs must prohibit instantly or use at least after examined toxic effect. But one of the most important things about herbal drugs contamination, all people and department (government, farmer and trader, oriental medicine doctors and association) will be participate cooperative and collection for preventive or the least contamination in herbal drugs.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.144-154
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• 2021

Objectives: This study was intended to identify hazard contribution by region, media, and chemical by calculating a hazard-based index using pollutant release and transfer register (PRTR) data. Methods: PRTR data for the period 2011 to 2016 was analyzed to examine the regional trends in toxic releases in terms of quantity and to create a corresponding hazard-based index. For the hazard-based index, the Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI) Model was used. Results: The results of the trend analysis show that total releases decreased slightly, but health hazard levels increased consistently. According to the outcome of regional contribution analysis of the hazard-based index, Chungcheongnam-do, Jeollabuk-do and Gyeonggi-do Provinces showed a high ratio in the index for air and water release pollutants, while Gyeongsangbuk-do and Gyeongsangnam-do Provinces showed a high ratio in the index of soil release and waste transfer pollutants. Also, as a result of the analysis of the top ranked substances in the hazard-based index, it was found that chromium, cobalt and its compounds, and ethylene oxide contributed greatly to air release substances, while chromium, benzene, and lead and its compounds contributed greatly to water release substances. Conclusion: These results showed considerable disparities between total release and health hazard levels, especially in the analysis of contribution by regions and by chemical substance. Therefore, the hazard-based index should be used both to support a more comprehensive and robust approach to screening of chemicals for environmental health policy and for management.

• Fire Protection Technology
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• s.13
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• pp.27-37
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• 1992

As the progress in electronic industry is very rapid, various materials are used in this area and it is very difficult to find the hazard of those materials. Also expensive equipments are concentrated and flammable liguids or toxic gases are used in the procsses, the possibility of loss in the fire is very high. So it is very important to analyze various risks and take the proper measures.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1163-1167
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• 2007

Many railway safety measures are carried out after Daegue subway fire accident. Such as replacement of train interior material, fire extinguish and toxic gas evacuation facilities, exercise on emergency response, setting up of national safety management system, and safety technology research. But these safety measures are not considered by system safety due to lack of risk and hazard information. In order to assess fire risk on system level, we proposed hazard events and causes classification for railway fire accident risk analysis.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.1-19
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• 1997

A late-comer in the marine affairs, development of ways for efficient access and utilization of information on marine environmental conservation and pollution prevention is important. The properties and removal methods of toxic chemicals have been entered into the database for 1,000 substances. The database of toxic chemicals for pollution and spills has also been fortified for the following terms: general characteristics, health hazard and response, fire hazard and response, chemical reactivity, physico-chemical properties, and other properties. The information and data running in this database are easily accessible via Internet and Korean telecommunications companies; it is also available KRISTAL databases.

• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.22-31
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• 2018

In this present work, the amounts of toxic elements were determined in the soft tissues of mollusks (Mytilus galloprovincialis and Rapana venosa) collected from Igneada shores of the Black Sea where suggested as Marine Protection Area (MPA). M. galloprovincialis accumulated the highest amounts of Cd in winter, while the highest amounts of Cd and Hg were detected in R. venosa in winter and autumn. The concentrations of toxic elements found in the soft tissues of mollusks varied for Cd: 0.07-0.14, Hg: 0.03-0.44 and Pb: 0.09-0.21 mg/g dry wt. The estimated levels of all non-essential metals in the present work were lower than the limits permitted by European Community Regulation (EU) and the Turkish Food Codex (TFC). The estimated weekly intakes (EWI) and daily intakes (EDI) of all the through consumption of these seafood by Turkish people in the Igneada coasts of the Black Sea were quite below the permissible tolerable weekly/daily intakes for 70 kg person (PTWI / PTDI) set by FAO/WHO. As results, it can be concluded that no hazard effects on people health would be raised at present from the consumption of these mollusks' species.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.5 no.4 s.19
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• pp.79-84
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• 2005

When polymeric materials are exposed to fire condition, a lot of heat and toxic gases evolved and cause damage to property and human being. Especially toxic gases are major hazard to life safety. This study FTIR(Fourier Transform Infrared) spectrometer analysis was performaed to etermine the gas analysis and the concentration of gases evolved from PVC, FRP, SMC and Ureathane foam using ASTM E 1678 fire model. And FED toxicity index calculated from FTIR data also presented. By the comparison of animal test adopted in KS F 2271 and FTIR gas analysis method, FTIR gas analysis method can replace current animal toxicity test and produce precise and quantitative combustion gas data.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.38-47
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• 2011

This study focused on health risk assessment via multi-routes of As exposure to establish a target cleanup level (TCL) in abandoned mines. Soil, ground water, and rice samples were collected near ten abandoned mines in November 2009. The As contaminations measured in all samples were used for determining the probabilistic health risk by Monte-Carlo simulation techniques. The human exposure to As compound was attributed to ground water ingestion. Cancer risk probability (R) via ground water and rice intake exceeded the acceptable risk range of $10^{-6}{\sim}10^{-4}$ in all selected mines. In particular, the MB mine showed the higher R value than other mines. The non-carcinogenic effects, estimated by comparing the average As exposure with corresponding reference dose were determined by hazard quotient (HQ) values, which were less than 1.0 via ground water and rice intake in SD, NS, and MB mines. This implied that the non-carcinogenic toxic effects, due to this exposure pathway had a greater possibility to occur than those in other mines. Besides, hazard index (HI) values, representing overall toxic effects by summed the HQ values were also greater than 1.0 in SD, NS, JA, and IA mines. This revealed that non-carcinogenic toxic effects were generally occurred. The As contaminants in all selected mines exceeded the TCL values for target cancer risk ($10^{-6}$) through ground water ingestion and rice intake. However, the As level in soil was greater than TCL value for target cancer risk via inadvertent soil ingestion pathway, except for KK mine. In TCL values for target hazard quotient (THQ), the As contaminants in soil did not exceed such TCL value. On the contrary, the As levels in ground water and polished rice in SD, NS, IA, and MB mines were also beyond the TCL values via ground water and rice intake. This study concluded that the health risks through ground water and rice intake were greater than those though soil inadvertent ingestion and dermal contact. In addition, it suggests that the abandoned mines to exceed the risk-based TCL values are carefully necessary to monitor for soil remediation.