• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.364-373
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• 2014

본 연구는 문헌검색을 통해 우리나라 상용 식품의 수은 함량 데이터베이스를 구축하기 위해 수행하였고, 식품 섭취량의 95%를 포함하는 완성도가 높은 데이터베이스를 구축하였다. 2007~2009년 국민건강영양조사 식품 섭취량 조사 결과를 기반으로 대상 식품을 선정하였고, 국내에서 식품 중 수은 함량을 분석한 문헌을 고찰하여 수은 함량값을 수집하였다. 미국 농무성의 데이터 질적 평가시스템을 적용하여 수집된 문헌의 함량자료를 선택했고, 함량값이 없는 식품은 식재료의 수분함량 차이를 고려하여 대체값을 적용하였다. 구축된 데이터베이스는 총 702개의 식품 중 356개의 식품에 대한 수은 함량값을 포함하였고 (50.7%), 대상자들이 섭취한 식품 섭취량으로는 95.1%에 달하는 식품을 포함하는 것으로, 질적으로 양적으로 완성도가 높은 것으로 평가되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 향후 식품을 통한 수은 노출량 추정 및 위해성 평가에 활용될 수 있으며, 본 연구의 데이터베이스 구축 방법론은 식품을 통해 노출되는 다른 유해물질의 함량데이터베이스를구축하는 데에 적용할 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제34권12호
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• pp.801-809
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 장기간 동안 양수리 용늪에서의 총 수은(TM)과 용존가스상 수은(DGM; $Hg^0$) 농도를 측정하였다. 평균 TM 및 DGM의 농도는 각각 $2.0{\pm}2.0$ ng/L와 $15.0{\pm}2.8$ pg/L로 나타나, TM의 약 2.6%만이 DGM의 형태로 존재하였다. 연구기간동안 TM 농도는 뚜렷한 계절적 변이를 보이지 않았으나 DGM 농도는 여름철에 통계적으로 유의하게 높은 농도가 나타났다. 이는, DGM이 강한 태양광과 높은 수온에 의해서 효과적으로 생성된다는 것을 의미한다. 또한 양수리 용늪에서 측정한 TM과 DGM 농도 사이에는 유의한 상관관계가 관측되지 않았다. 양수리 용늪에서 측정한 DGM은 대부분의 연구 기간 동안 과포화 상태로 존재하였으며, 이는 수표면의 $Hg^0$가 대기로 쉽게 휘발될 수 있다는 사실을 나타낸다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.376-381
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• 2013

서울시에서 유통 중인 다랑어류, 새치류 및 심해성 어류의 총 수은 및 메틸수은 축적량의 현황 파악과 사후 관리의 자료로써 모니터링을 실시하였다. 소비 패턴에 따라서 시장의 진입이 이루어지는 관계로 다양한 어종의 채취보다는 비교적으로 많이 판매, 소비되는 품목 즉 상어류, 다랑어류, 새치류, 비막치어 136건을 대상으로 총수은 및 메틸수은의 축적량을 조사하였다. 총수은 분석에 사용된 DMA-80에 대하여 CRM 인증값의 98.8% 회수, 검량선 결정계수($R^2$) 0.9998 이상, 0.003, $0.01{\mu}g/kg$의 검출한계와 정량한계를 파악함으로써 기기적 정확성 및 재현성을 확보하였다. GC-${\mu}ECD$를 사용한 메틸수은 분석법은 79.7%-103.1%의 양호한 회수율과 0.9997 이상의 높은 검량선 결정계수($R^2$)를 확보하였으며, 검출한계는 0.006 mg/kg, 정량한계는 0.018 mg/kg의 결과를 보였다. 네 종류의 어종은 통계적 분석에 의해 총수은 및 메틸수은 축적량에 차이가 있는 것이 확인되었으며, 각 어종의 총수은 및 메틸수은 평균량(mg/kg)은 상어류 $1.20{\pm}0.70$, $0.95{\pm}0.51$, 새치류 $0.99{\pm}0.72$, $0.51{\pm}0.40$, 다랑어류 $0.32{\pm}0.31$, $0.20{\pm}0.20$, 비막치어(메로) $0.43{\pm}0.48$, $0.20{\pm}0.17$로 분석되었으며, 과거에 비해 상어류와 새치류에서의 축적량이 많이 증가된 것을 알 수 있었다. 분석된 메틸수은 수치들과 JECFA의 PTWI값과의 비교 검토값은 상어류 0.00-0.24%, 새치류 0.075-1.813%, 다랑어류 0.025-1.338%로서, 일일섭취량이 설정되어있지 않은 비막치어를 뺀 나머지 세 종류 어종의 합계는 0.1-5.551%였다. 이 결과만을 평가해 본다면, 다랑어류, 새치류, 심해성 어류의 섭취로 인한 메틸수은에 대한 노출량은 아직 안전한 수준이라고 할 수 있다. 하지만 본 연구에서 확인한 바와 같이, 시간이 경과함에 따라 축적량이 증가하고 있는 현상을 감안하고, 또한 여러 경로로 메틸수은에 노출되는 점을 종합적으로 분석한다면 좀 더 정확한 노출과 안전성 평가가 이루어질 것이라 생각한다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.7-9
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• 1977

Quantitative analysis of harmful Hg in edible bean sprouts was carried out by the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer Model 403). The samples studied as shown in Table 2. are edible bean sprouts (36) which wet·e collected from Gwangju area. It was investigated that the Mercury (Hg) content of edible bean sprouts was from 0.0098 ppm to 0.533 ppm (average 0.240). Mercury contaminated edible bean sprouts studied, was about 50 percentage of total samples.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.231-240
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• 1993

This study was carried out to find out the content of injurious heavy metals, such as mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic of marine fish which had been captured in adjacent sea of Korea. From March, 1 to April, 30 in 1993. 60 sample of fishes were collected the adult fish and young fish. These samples were analyzed by the Mercury Analyzer and Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectro Analyzer. The results of the study were summarized as follows: (1) The content of mercury in Therafra chalcograma was 0.112$\pm$0.034 ppm which was higher than other fishes, but Pseudosciaena manchurica and Pampus argenteus had lower (P<0.05). Although lead content of Trichiurus lepturus was 0.359$\pm$0.056 ppm, which was higher than other fishes. The lead content of Theragra chalcograma had lower to the almost same level. The cadmium content of the Theragra chalcograma was 0.069$\pm$0.010 ppm which was higher than other samples, but Pseudosciaena manchurica had 0.039$\pm$0.020 ppm to lower level. Though there was some fluctuation in the arsenic content which was 0.433~3.752 ppm, the arsenic content of Therafra chalcograma was 3.752$\pm$2.873 ppm which was the higher than any other fishes. But there are not statistical significances. (2) Heavy metal content by the maturity of the fishes: Mercury content of the old Pseudosciaena manchurica was 0.055$\pm$0.15 ppm comparing to the young's result of 0.030$\pm$0.009 ppm (P<0.05). Though there were some differences according to the maturity, but thee was no statistical significance. (3) In view of the correlation of the heavy metal content, for Pseudosciaena manchurica, high correlation was founded to r=0.6437 between mercury and cadmium (P<0.05). Though the content of mercury, arsenic cadmium and lead had positive correlation (r=0.2725) and negative correlation (r=-0.3958), but there was no significance at all. The other fishes were not found correlation between the heavy metal content. Positive correlation was found between age with mercury in Pseudociaena manchurica (r=0.7018, P<0.05). The negative correlation of age with lead content in the Pseudociaena Manchurica was signigicant (P<0.05). The correlation coefficient was r=-0.7623. The age with mercury content in Coloabis saira had high correlation (r=0.7201, P<0.05). Through the above analysis, it can get conclusion that injurious heavy metal content of the fishes in Korea such a mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic were at the level of natural content. At present, guidelines of maximum residue level allowed at foreign countries about the injurious heavy metal have been used according to the kinds of fish but our government guideline for the marine fishes in only total mercury below 0.7 ppm and lead below 2 ppm. So more aggressive guidelines for the allowance level of heavy metals in marine fishes are required for the safety of foods.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2003

In this work, the present concentration levels of total gaseous mercury (TGM) are compared among three East Asian countries, Korea, China, and Japan. Comparison of Hg distribution patterns was made by selecting representative figures for each type of land use among those three countries. The results of the analysis indicate that Hg concentrations within a country can fall into a wide range due probably to the diversity of source processes. It is seen that the urban areas of China and Japan generally exhibit large spatial variability with notably high Hg levels (above 10 ng m$^{-3}$), compared to their Korean counterparts. Although the presence of high Hg levels in Chinese locations can be accounted for by the major man-made source processes (e.g., the use of coal), the causes of unexpectedly high Hg data in Japanese sites appear to be rather complicated. The Hg concentration levels in relatively remote locations however show much reduced values, above 3 ng m$^{-3}$, which is still higher than the typical background concentrations of 1 to 2 ng m$^{-3}$ in Europe or America. Considering that the presence of unusually high Hg levels in urban areas of Asia is the consequence of man-made activities, the prevalence of excessively high Hg values in certain regions of the Asian continent needs further research to accurately assess the fundamental picture of Hg geochemistry in the East Asia.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.436-443
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• 2012

Previous Korean total diet studies (KTDSs) have estimated dietary exposure to toxic chemicals based on 110-120 representative foods selected from over 500 foods appeared in the Korea National Health & Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES), which would result in a possible underestimation. In order to find measures for a closer-to-real estimate of dietary exposure to heavy metals, this study examined the feasibility of mapping foods to the representative foods in the KTDS by comparing estimates. In mapping, those foods not analyzed in the 2009 KTDS (443 out of 559 foods appeared in the 2007 KNHANES) were mapped to the 114 representative foods used in the 2009 KTDS based on the closeness in regards to biological systematics and morphological similarity. Dietary exposures to total mercury and lead were re-estimated using the content of total mercury and lead in 114 foods analyzed in the 2009 KTDS, food intake, and individual's own body weight for respondents in the 2007 KNHANES instead of mean body weight of Koreans used in the 2009 KTDS. The re-estimates of exposure with mapping were approximately 50% higher than the original estimates reported in the 2009 KTDS. In addition, mapping enabled the comparison of percentile distribution of the exposure among populations of different age groups. In conclusion, estimates via mapping resulted in a more comprehensive estimation of dietary exposure to heavy metals present in foods that Koreans consume.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.49-56
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• 1994

This study was carried out to investigate the levels of copper, zinc, manganese, nickel, cadmium and mercury content in breast milk among urban, rural and industrial lactating women in Korea. A total of 59 samples, which were collected from 17 in urban, 20 in rural and 22 in industrial area, and from 21-38 years-old healthy lactating women, were analyzed by Rigaku Mercury Analyzer for mercury, and by atomic absorption apectrophotometry for the other metals. The results are summarized as follows : The mean trace metal contents in breast milk were determined to be 0.34$\pm$0.14 ppm for copper, 2.01$\pm$1.43 ppm for zinc, 8.49$\pm$5.11 ppb for manganese, 7.75$\pm$5.73 ppb for nickel, 1.65$\pm$2.42 ppm for cadmium, 34.45$\pm$26.71 ppb for lead and 0.90$\pm$0.68 ppb for mercury. For the trace metal content in breast milk by area, the highest of copper, zinc, cadmium and mercury content were in urban, the highest of manganese content was in industrial, and the highest of nickel and lesd content were in rural. For copper, zinc, manganese and lead content in breast milk by lactation period, the highest levels were found in under 4 weeks after lactating, and subsequently the levels declined as lactation progressed, but the levels of zinc and manganese content increased from over 25 weeks after lactating. For cadmium and mercury content in breast milk by lactation period, the lowest levels were found in under 4 weeks after lactating, the highest levels were found in 5-12 weeks after lactating, and subsequently the levels declined as lactation progressed.For nickel content in breast milk by lactation period, the highest level was in 13-24 weeks after lactating, the lowest level was in 5-12 weeks after lactating.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.179-189
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• 2006

Ambient gas phase mercury concentrations including elemental mercury ($Hg^0$) were measured at the Potsdam, Stockton, and Sterling sites in NY from 2000 to 2003. Also, concentrations of ambient reactive gaseous mercury (RGM; $Hg^{2+}$) were measured at the Potsdam site during one year. The contribution of RGM($4.2{\pm}6.4pg/m^3$) was about $0.2{\sim}3%$ of the total gas phase mercury concentration measured (TGM: $1.84{\pm}1.24,\;1.83{\pm}0.32,\;3.02{\pm}2.14ng/m^3$ in Potsdam. Stockton, and Sterling, respectively) at the receptor sites. Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF), a hybrid receptor modeling incorporating backward trajectories was performed to identify source areas of TGM. Using PSCF, southern New York, North Carolina, and eastern Massachusetts were identified as important source areas in the United States, while the copper smelters and waste incinerators located in eastern Quebec and Ontario were determined to be significant sources in Canada. The Atlantic Ocean was suggested to be a possible mercury source. PSCF incorporating back-dispersion and deposition was applied for RGM , as well as PSCF based on 2-days back-trajectories. Two different approaches yielded considerably different results, primarily due to the consideration of dispersion rather than deposition. Using back-trajectory based PSCF, eastern Ohio, southern New York, and southern Pennsylvania where large coal -fired power plants area located were identified as the large sources in US. Metallurgical industry located in eastern Quebec was resolved as well. From the result of back-dispersion and deposition based PSCF, Pennsylvania, mining facilities around Lake Superior, Toronto, Boston, MA, Quebec, and coal power plants in NY were identified to be the significant source areas for Potsdam site.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.119-129
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• 1992

Present study was carried out to investigate the cytotoxicity of cadmium, chromium and mercury on cultured rat fibroblasts. The colorimetric assays of neutral red (NR) and tetrazolium MTT, the measurement of total content of protein and electron microscopic studies were performed on the fibroblasts cultured in the media containing various concentrations of cadmium, chromium and mercury. The results are as follows' 1. In cadmium-treated group, the NR and MTT values were dose-dependent increase. The NR90, NR50, MTT90 and MTT50 values of cadmium were 0.2mM, 19.5mM 1.0mM and 60.0mM, respectively.