• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.147-157
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of fourteen odor compounds from a total of 10 sampling sites in residential areas around Banwol-Sihwa industrial complex. The measurement data are analyzed and compared with sensation of odor unit. Only a hydrogen sulfide out of four sulfur compounds was quantified above the detection limit (0.06 ppb) in the residential area around Banwol industrial complex with leather companies and a sewage treatment plant. The concentrations of VOCs were higher than those measured from a big city, and styrene showed the relatively high concentration from all sampling sites ($2.1{\sim}37.8\;ppb$). In the case of carbonyl compounds, acetaldehyde was found most frequently with the mean of 3.97 ppb, and its concentration difference was not significant between Banwol and Sihwa industrial complex. Of the nitrogen compounds, ammonia was measured at the relatively high concentration from all the sampling sites ($12{\sim}707\;ppb$), and a trimethylamine was found at the odor threshold level (0.1 ppb). The concentrations of styrene and ammonia showed relatively seasonal variation, the concentration of styrene in summer was five times higher than that in autumn, the concentration of ammonia in autumn was two times higher than that in summer. However other odorous compounds did not show such strong seasonal variation. Odor-concentration relationship between odor unit and $H_{2}S$ concentrations from industrial sources was examined and used as odor sensation evaluation, and thus the neighbourhood odor complaints maybe caused during the four seasons from the results.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.191-206
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• 1987

금강을 통하여 연간 평균 64억톤의 담수가 유입되는 금강 하구(Keum River Estuary)는 총 유출량의 60%이상이 여름에 집중되어, 건기(low-descharge period) 및 우기(high-discharge period)가 뚜렷이 구별되는 강하구 환경(estuarine environment)을 이루고 있다. 금강 하구는 우기중 일부를 제외한 전 기간에서 높은 SPM(Suspended Particulate Matter)이 형성되기도 한다(Lee and Kim, 1987). Photosynthesis는, 금강하구가 금강, 생활 하수등을 통한 공급으로 영양염들이 항상 충분히 존재하는 환경임에도 불구하고, SPM의 농도가 매우 낮았던 우기중에만 활 발히 진행되었다. 이는 금강하구에 있어서, SPM의 농도가 빛에너지 차단 등을 통하 여 일차 생산 활동의 진행 여부를 결정짓는 가장 중요한 요인으로 작용하고 있기 때문인 것으로 생각된다. Nitrification은 건기중 무기질 화합물들과 관련되어 진행되 는 가장 중요한 respiration 작용으로서, SPM이 높은 지역에서 활발히 진행되고 있 었으며, turbidity maximum형태에 따라 크게 두가지 형(ammonia-nitrite산화과정 및 ammonia-nitrate 산화 과정)이 관측되었다.Nitrate생성은 turbidity maximum이 매우 좁은 지역안에 형성되었던 시기에 이 구간내에서 관측되었고, Nitrate 생성은 turbidity maximum 이 강하구 전역에 걸쳐 넓게 형성되었던 시기에 강 하구 전역 에서 진행되고 있었다. 이것은 수괴가 높은 SPM지역에 머무를 수 있는 시간에 따 라 반응 형태가 좌우되어, 이 시간이 짧은 경우에 nitrete까지, 충분히 긴 경우에는 nitrate까지 ammonia가 산화되기 때문에 나타난 결과로 생각된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.56-60
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• 2017

Mineralization is an important biological process for conversion of organic nitrogen (N) to inorganic N which can be used by plants directly. To investigate the effect of different manures on soil mineralization, the soil amended with cattle (CtM), goat (GM), chicken manure (ChM) and pig slurry (PS) were incubated under in vitro condition and ammonium N ($NH_4{^+}-N$), ammonification rate and ammonia emission were determined for eighty-four days. $NH_4{^+}-N$ was the highest in PS-amended soil for the whole experimental period. $NH_4{^+}-N$ in PS-amended soil was gradually decreased until day 84, whereas it was rapidly decreased for the first 14 days and then slightly increased until 84 days in ChM-, CtM- and GM-amended soil. The ammonification rate showed negative value for the first 14 days in all treatments. From day 14, ammonification rate started to increase in CtM- and ChM-amended soil, whereas it was maintained in GM- and PS-amended soil until day 84. The daily ammonia emission was the highest in PS-amended soil ($41mg\;kg^{-1}d^{-1}$), followed by CtM-, ChM-, and GM-amended soil at day 1. It was gradually decreased until day 84 in all treatments. The total $NH_3$ emission was the highest in PS-amended soil with $0.6mg\;kg^{-1}$ for 84 days, while less than $0.1mg\;kg^{-1}$ in three other plots. These results indicate that different manures showed different soil ammonification rate and $NH_3$ emission.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.265-270
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 ALUM을 처리한 영향이 3주령과 6주령 병장아리 성장과 6주후 깔짚 중의 질소(N)함량이 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 비교시험을 하였다. 비교를 한2개 처리 구는 전부 단백질 수준을 같게 하고 한 처리구에서는 깔짚에 ALUM을 처리 하고(T$_1$) 다른 처리구에는 깔짚에 ALUM을 처리하지 않았다(T2). 이때 깔짚은 왕겨로 하였으며, ALUM 처리는 왕겨kg당 200 g을 topdressing 하였다. 사료섭취량은 22~42일령과 0~42일령에서 공히 T$_1$구가 T$_2$구보다 높았다(P<0.05). 그리고 체중증가량은 0~42일령에서 T$_1$구가 T$_2$구보다훨씬 높았으나(P<0.01) 사료효율에는 차이가 없었다. 왕겨로부터 발생되는 암모니아 농도는 처음 5주 동안은 T$_1$구가 T$_2$구보다 유의하게(P<0.05 나 P<0.01) 낮았으나 6주부터는 T$_1$구와 T$_2$구 간에는 차이가 없었다. 또 6주령에서 측정한 왕겨내의 pH는 T$_1$구가 T$_2$구보다 낮았으며P<0.05), 켈달 질소 함량(TKN)은 T$_1$구가 T$_2$구보다 높았다 (P<0.05). 그러나 왕겨내의 NH$_4$-N및 NO$_3$-N의 함량은 T$_1$과 T$_2$에서는 차이가 없었다. 본 연구 결과를 다시 정리하면 깔짚에 ALUM을 처리할 경우 6주령에서 육계의 생산성은 기대되며 암모니아 생성량의 감소는 기대하지 못하지만 깔짚은 질소비료로서의 성분은 유효함을 알 수 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.392-403
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• 2008

Four ruminally fistulated Hanwoo steers were used to determine the effects of level and degradability of dietary protein on ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and concentration of soluble non-ammonia nitrogen (SNAN) in ruminal (RD) and omasal digesta (OD). Experiments were conducted in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design with a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were protein supplements with two ruminal crude protein (CP) degradabilities, corn gluten meal (CGM) that was low in degradability (rumen-degraded protein (RDP), 23.4% CP) or soybean meal (SBM) that was high in degradability (RDP, 62.1% CP), and two feeding levels of CP (12.2 or 15.9% dry matter). Ruminal fermentation rates and plasma metabolite concentrations were determined from the RD collected at 2-h intervals and from the blood taken by jugular puncture, respectively. The SNAN fractions (free amino acid, peptide and soluble protein) in RD and OD collected at 2-h intervals were assessed by ninhydrin assay. Mean ruminal ammonia concentrations were 40.5, 74.8, 103.4 and 127.0 mg/L for low CGM, high CGM, low SBM and high SBM, respectively, with statistically significant differences (p<0.01 for CP level and p<0.001 for CP degradability). Blood urea nitrogen concentrations were increased by high CP level (p<0.001) but unaffected by CP degradability. There was a significant (p<0.05) interaction between level and degradability of CP on blood albumin concentrations. Albumin was decreased to a greater extent by increasing degradability of low CP diets (0.26 g/dl) compared with high CP diets (0.02 g/dl). Concentrations of each SNAN fraction in RD (p<0.01) and OD (p<0.05) for high CP diets were higher than those for low CP diets, except for peptides but concentrations of the sum of peptide and free amino acid in RD and OD were significantly higher (p<0.05) for high CP diets than for low CP diets. Soybean meal diets increased free amino acid and peptide concentrations in both RD (p<0.01) and OD (p<0.05) compared to CGM diets. High level and greater degradability of CP increased (p<0.001) mean concentrations of total SNAN in RD and OD. These results suggest that RDP contents, increased by higher level and degradability of dietary protein, may increase release of free amino acids, peptides and soluble proteins in the rumen and omasum from ruminal degradation and solubilization of dietary proteins. Because SNAN in OD indicates the terminal product of ruminal metabolism, increasing CP level and degradability appears to increase the amount of intestine-available nitrogen in the liquid phase.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2009

강도다리 치어(평균 $42.4{\pm}3.4g$, 총 45마리)의 수온(10, 15 그리고 $20^{\circ}C$)에 따른 절식과 식후 총암모니아성 질소 (total ammonia nitrogen, TAN) 배설을 조사하였다. 절식 및 식후 TAN 배설은 순환여과식 시스템 내에서 24시간 동안 3반복으로 측정하였다. 절식 TAN 배설은 실험 수온에 10일 이상 순치한 후 암모니아 측정 시스템에 옮겨 3일간 절식 후 측정하였고, 식후 TAN 배설은 상품 사료(단백질 함량 50.2%)를 하루에 두 번(08 : 00, 16 : 00 h), 7일간 공급한 뒤 실시하였다. 절식과 사료 공급에 따른 TAN 배설은 수온 상승에 따라 증가하였다(p<0.05). 절식 시 수온 10, 15 그리고 $20^{\circ}C$에서 시간당 평균 TAN 배설률은 각각 10.9, 11.2 그리고 $12.2mg\;TAN\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$이었고, $20^{\circ}C$가 $10^{\circ}C$와 $15^{\circ}C$에 비해 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 식후 시간당 평균 TAN 배설률의 경우 수온 10, 15 그리고 $20^{\circ}C$에서 각각 33.0, 43.4 그리고 $55.3mg\;TAN\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$으로 나타났다. 두 번의 peak TAN 배설률이 나타났으며, 두 번째 peak가 첫 번째보다 높았다. 최대 TAN 배설률은 최초 사료 공급 10시간 후 나타났으며, 수온 10, 15 그리고 $20^{\circ}C$에서 각각 45.3, 64.5 그리고 $83.2mg\;TAN\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$이었다. 수온 10, 15 그리고 $20^{\circ}C$에서 섭취한 질소에 대한 TAN 배설 비율은 각각 43.0, 45.7 그리고 48.8%로 나타나 $20^{\circ}C$가 $10^{\circ}C$와 $15^{\circ}C$에 비해 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과는 강도다리 치어의 수온에 따른 암모니아 배설을 추정하고 수질관리 및 사육관리를 위한 실험적 자료를 제공한다.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.24-31
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 우리나라 주요 침엽수종인 소나무(Pinus densiflora)와 활엽수종인 굴참나무(Quercus variabilis)의 낙엽에 대해 FTIR(Fourier Transform Infrared) 분광계를 이용하여 배출 연소가스 종류 및 농도를 측정하였다. 실험결과 소나무와 굴참나무 낙엽에서 Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Acetic acid, Butyl acetate, Ethylene, Methane, Methanol, Nitrogen dioxide, Ammonia, Hydrogen Fluoride, Sulfur dioxide, Hydrogen bromide 등 13개 연소가스가 검출되었고 굴참나무 낙엽에서는 Nitrogen monoxide가 추가로 검출되었다. 방출된 연소가스의 전체 농도는 소나무 낙엽이 굴참나무 낙엽에 비해 4.5배 많이 검출되었다. 특히, 시간가중평균가스농도(Time-Weighted Average, TWA, ppm) 기준을 초과하는 연소가스는 Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Butyl acetate가 검출되었고 단시간노출기준(Short Term Exposure Limit, STEL, ppm) 기준을 초과하는 연소가스는 Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide로 소나무 및 굴참나무 모두에서 나타났다. 이에 산불에서의 낙엽의 지표화 연소시 전체 가스 방출량의 99% 이상을 차지하고 있는 Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide의 건강 위험성이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.687-693
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• 1992

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of soybean meal (SBM) supplementation on the voluntary intake of rice straw and ruminal fermentation characteristics. Balance trials were conducted with three Hapanese Corriedale wethers fed a rice straw alone (control), rice straw supplemented with 75 and 150 g of SBM/day in a $3{\times}3$ latin square design. Voluntary intake of rice straw in sheep fed both levels of SBM supplemented diets was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that in sheep fed control diet. Crude protein digestibility was significantly increased (p<0.05), but organic matter, crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibilities were not affected by SBM supplementation. Nitrogen balance was positive in sheep on both levels of SBM supplemented diets, but negative in animals on the control diet. Rumen ammonia and blood urea-nitrogen concentrations increased (p<0.05) as increasing level of SBM. Total volatile fatty acids, acetate, propionate, butyrate and valerate concentrations in rumen fluid were also significantly increased (p<0.01), but ruminal pH was decreased (p<0.05) by SBM supplementation.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.811-815
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• 2005

The activated sludge from the aeration basin of the Su-yeong municipal wastewater treatment plant which has operated by a standard activated sludge process in Busan, Korea was investigated during April 2004 and January 2005 with several bio-indicators. The number of bacteria and fungi per gram of dry weight of MLSS were estimated to be $3.1\times10^6\sim1.5\times10^8\;and\;l.1\times10^3\sim1.1\times10^5$ colony forming units, respectively, by the plate agar method. By cultivation-independent methods, such as 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole stain and fluorescence in situ hybridization, the ratio of eubacteria to the entire biomass was evaluated by more than $80\%$ (v/v). The ratio of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria to the total eubacteria was detennined to be $7.0\sim9.8\%\;and\;3.3\sim6.2\%$ without heavy variation in spite of a period of relatively low temperature in the basin. It would be expected that the nitrification would occur or at least co-exist throughout the year in the sludge of many municipal WWTP with influents that contain the sufficient nitrogen sources although the WWTP does not have any specialized processes for the removal of nitrogen.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2016

This study evaluated the fertilizing value of struvite deposit recovered from swine wastewater in cultivating lettuce. Struvite deposit was compared to complex fertilizer, organic fertilizer and compost to evaluate the fertilizing effect of struvite deposit. Laboratory pot test showed that the struvite deposit better enhanced lettuce growth in comparison to commercial fertilizers. It was revealed that the growth rate of lettuce was simultaneously controlled by phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg). Moreover, nutrients such as nitrogen (N), P, K, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were abundantly observed in the vegetable tissue of struvite pot. Meanwhile, struvite application led to the lower accumulation of mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), chromium ($Cr^{6+}$) and nickel (Ni). In addition, no detection of cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and nickel (Ni) in the lettuce tissue was observed in struvite application pots. The experimental results proved that the optimum struvite dosage for lettuce cultivation was 0.5 g struvite/kg soil. The column experiments clearly showed that ammonia nitrogen was more slowly released from struvite deposit than from complex fertilizer. Consequently, it was concluded that the struvite deposits recovered from swine wastewater were effective as a multi-nutrient fertilizer for lettuce cultivation.